Association of biomass fuel use with acute respiratory infections among under- five children in a slum urban of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Background. Most of the households in developing countries burn biomass fuel in traditional stoves with incomplete combustion that leads to high indoor air pollution and acute respiratory infections. Acute respiratory infection is the most common cause of under-five morbidity and mortality accounting for 2 million deaths worldwide and responsible for 18% of deaths among under-five children in Ethiopia. Although studies were done on acute respiratory infections, the majority of studies neither clinically diagnose respiratory infections nor use instant measurement of particulate matter. Methods. The community-based cross-sectional study design was employed among under-five children in Jimma town from May 21 to June 7, 2020. A total of 265 children through systematic random sampling were included in the study. The data were collected using a pretested semistructured questionnaire and laser pm 2.5 meter for indoor particulate matter concentration. Associations among factors were assessed through correlation analysis, and binary logistic regression was done to predict childhood acute respiratory infections. Variables with p -value less than 0.25 in bivariate regression were the candidate for the final multivariate logistic regression. Two independent sample t-tests were done to compare significant mean difference between concentrations of particulate matter. Results. Among 265 under-five children who were involved in the study, 179 (67.5%) were living in households that predominantly use biomass fuel. Prevalence of acute respiratory infections in the study area was 16%. Children living in households that use biomass fuel were four times more likely to develop acute respiratory infections than their counterparts (AOR: 4.348; 95% CI: 1.632, 11.580). The size of household was significantly associated with the prevalence of acute respiratory infections. Under-five children living in households that have a family size of six and greater had odds of 1.7 increased risk of developing acute respiratory infections than their counterparts (AOR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.299, 2.212). The other factor associated with acute respiratory infection was separate kitchen; children living in households in which there were no separate kitchen were four times at increased risk of developing acute respiratory infection than children living in households which have separate kitchen (AOR: 4.591; 95% CI: 1.849, 11.402). The concentration of indoor particulate matter was higher in households using biomass fuel than clean fuel. There was statistically higher particulate matter concentration in the kitchen than living rooms (t = 4.509, p ≤ 0.001 ). Particulate matter 2.5 concentrations (μg/m3) of the households that had parental smoking were significantly higher than their counterparts (AOR: 20.224; 95% CI: 1.72, 12.58). Conclusion. There is an association between acute respiratory infections and biomass fuel usage among under-five children. Focusing on improved energy sources is essential to reduce the burden and assure the safety of children.

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Acute respiratory infections among under-five children from households using biomass fuel in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis

Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine ◽

10.4081/mrm.2020.710 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

Author(s):

Zewudu Andualem ◽

Zelalem Nigussie Azene ◽

Awrajaw Dessie ◽

Henok Dagne ◽

Baye Dagnew

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Respiratory Infection ◽

Acute Respiratory Infection ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Biomass Fuel ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Under Five ◽

Under Five Children ◽

Pooled Prevalence

Acute respiratory infections are a serious public health concern across the globe, they are, however, prominently present in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Ethiopia, different primary studies were conducted in regard to the link between household biomass fuel use and acute respiratory infections among under-five children. However, there is no national study on the association between household biomass fuel use and acute respiratory infections among under-five children. Thus, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the pooled prevalence of acute respiratory infections and its predictors among under-five children in Ethiopia.The systematic review was reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guideline. We systematically searched the databases: PubMed/Medline, Cochrane library, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched to access potentially relevant articles conducted in Ethiopia about acute respiratory infections among under five children. Stata/SE 14.00 statistical software was used for analysis and the pooled prevalence with 95% confidence interval (CI) were presented using tables and forest plots. To assess the heterogeneity among studies, I square (I2) tests were used. Publication bias was checked by Begg’s and Egger’s regression test. The random effects meta-analysis model was employed to estimate the pooled prevalence and predictors of under-five acute respiratory infectionsA total of 7 studies with 8,529 study participants were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of acute respiratory infection was 17.75% (95% CI: 16.95, 18.55). Child holding during cooking (OR: 2.84, 95% CI: 1.48, 5.47) and using unclean sources of energy for cooking (OR: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.70) were identified predictors of under-five children acute respiratory infection.In the current study, the pooled prevalence of acute respiratory infection among under-five children was relatively high. Child holding during cooking and using unclean sources of energy for cooking were significantly associated with under five acute respiratory infections. Therefore, the policies and regulations enacted should address the barriers that impede the development of clean and efficient energy sources.

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Diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections prevalence and risk factors among under-five children in Iraq in 2000

Italian Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.1186/1824-7288-35-8 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 8 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Seter Siziya ◽

Adamson S Muula ◽

Emmanuel Rudatsikira

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Under Five ◽

Under Five Children

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Associations between Indoor Air Pollution and Acute Respiratory Infections among Under-Five Children in Afghanistan

Environmental Epidemiology ◽

10.1097/01.ee9.0000609548.64512.7f ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 323-324

Author(s):

Rana J ◽

Uddin J ◽

Peltier R ◽

Oulhote Y

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Indoor Air ◽

Indoor Air Pollution ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Under Five ◽

Under Five Children

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Risk factors of acute respiratory infections among under five children attending public hospitals in southern Tigray, Ethiopia, 2016/2017

BMC Pediatrics ◽

10.1186/s12887-019-1767-1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sielu Alemayehu ◽

Kalayou Kidanu ◽

Tensay Kahsay ◽

Mekuria Kassa

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Respiratory Infection ◽

Acute Respiratory Infection ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Public Hospitals ◽

Cow Dung ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Under Five ◽

Under Five Children ◽

Maternal Literacy

Abstract Background Acute Respiratory infection accounts for 94,037000 disability adjusted life years and 1.9 million deaths worldwide. Acute respiratory infections is the most common causes of under-five illness and mortality. The under five children gets three to six episodes of acute respiratory infections annually regardless of where they live. Disease burden due to acute respiratory infection is 10–50 times higher in developing countries when compared to developed countries. The aim of this study was to assess risk factors of acute respiratory infection among under-five children attending Public hospitals in Southern Tigray, Ethiopia 2016/2017. Methods Institution based case control study was conducted from Nov 2016 to June 2017. Interviewer administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of 288 (96 cases and 192 controls) children under 5 years of age. Systematic random sampling was used to recruit study subjects and SPSS version 20 was used to analyze the data. Bivariate and multivariate analysis were employed to examine statistical association between the outcome variable and selected independent variables at 95% confidence level. Level of statistical Significance was declared at p < 0.05. Tables, figures and texts were used to present data. Result One hundred sixty (55.6%) and 128 (44.4%) of the participants were males and females respectively. Malnutrition (AOR = 2.89; 95%CI: 1.584–8.951; p = 0.039), cow dung use (AOR =2.21; 95%CI: 1.121–9.373; p = 0.014), presence of smoker in the family (AOR = 0.638; 95% CI: 0.046–0.980; p = 0.042) and maternal literacy (AOR = 3.098; 95%CI: 1.387–18.729; p = 0.021) were found to be significant predictors of acute respiratory infection among under five children. Conclusion According to this study maternal literacy, smoking, cow dung use and nutritional status were strongly associated with increased risk of childhood acute respiratory infection. Health care providers should work jointly with the general public, so that scientific knowledge and guidelines for adopting particular preventive measures for acute respiratory infection are disseminated.

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Influence of Socio-Demographic and Clinical Variables on the Frequency of Acute Respiratory Infections among Under-five Children

Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development ◽

10.5958/0976-5506.2019.02751.7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 82

Author(s):

Abhilash Venunathan ◽

Bijoy Philip ◽

Kandasamy Muthugounder ◽

Reetha Ismail ◽

Prathima Prakasam

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Infections ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Under Five ◽

Clinical Variables ◽

Under Five Children

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Prevalence of acute respiratory infections among under five children in a rural area of Kozhikode district, Kerala

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20192341 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 2666

Author(s):

Binsu Vijayan ◽

Dhilmon T. L. ◽

Liaquat Roopesh Johnson

Keyword(s):

Social Class ◽

Protective Factors ◽

Rural Area ◽

Nuclear Family ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Under Five ◽

Under Five Children

Background: Although childhood acute respiratory infections (ARI) is a significant public health problem in India, robust epidemiological data on its prevalence is not available. This study was done to estimate the prevalence of ARI in under five children and study the factors responsible for the same in a rural area of Kozhikode District.Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in 386 under-5 children in Kunnamangalam panchayat of Kozhikode district from June 2015 to June 2016. Employing cluster sampling technique, data regarding socio demographic factors, prevalence of ARI and selected factors were collected using a pre tested semi structured questionnaire.Results: The overall prevalence of ARI in children was 31.9 %. Prevalence was slightly higher in boys (32.7%) than in girls (31.1%). The prevalence of ARI was more in lower social class children (36.1%), compared to those from upper social class (26.3%). ARI was higher in children living in overcrowded houses (40.2%), poorly ventilated houses (37.8%), houses in which there were no smoke outlets (43.1%), houses having pets (58.6%). Underweight children were also found to have higher rates of ARI (46.5%). Binary logistic regression revealed that after adjusting for all other factors, age less than 1 year (OR 0.48, p=0.02) and nuclear family (OR 0.10, p=0.01) are significant independent protective factors for ARI.Conclusions: Among under-5 children, younger age and membership in a nuclear family are significant protective factors for ARI.

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Place of food cooking is associated with acute respiratory infection among under-five children in Ethiopia: multilevel analysis of 2005–2016 Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey data

Tropical Medicine and Health ◽

10.1186/s41182-020-00283-y ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Abraham Geremew ◽

Selamawit Gebremedhin ◽

Yohannes Mulugeta ◽

Tesfaye Assebe Yadeta

Keyword(s):

Survey Data ◽

Respiratory Infection ◽

Acute Respiratory Infection ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Under Five ◽

Under Five Children ◽

Health Survey Data ◽

Solid Biomass Fuel ◽

Solid Biomass

Abstract Background Globally, acute respiratory infections are among the leading causes of under-five child mortality, especially in lower-income countries; it is associated with indoor exposure to toxic pollutants from solid biomass fuel. In Ethiopia, 90% of the population utilizes solid biomass fuel; respiratory illness is a leading health problem. However, there is a paucity of nationally representative data on the association of household cooking place and respiratory infections. Besides, evidence on the variability in the infection based on the data collected at different times is limited. Therefore, this study is intended to assess the association of food cooking place with acute respiratory infections and the variability in households and surveys. Methods The current analysis is based on the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data collected in 2005, 2011, and 2016 and obtained via online registration. The association of food cooking place with acute respiratory infection was assessed using multilevel modeling after categorizing all factors into child level and survey level, controlling them in a full model. The analyses accounted for a complex survey design using a Stata command “svy.” Result A total of 30,895 under-five children were included in this study, of which 3677 (11.9%) children had an acute respiratory infection, with 12.7% in 2005, 11.9% in 2011, and 11.1% in 2016. The risk of having an infection in under-five children in households that cooked food outdoors was 44% lower (AOR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.40, 0.75) compared to those households that cooked the food inside the house. There was a statistically significant difference among the children among surveys to have an acute respiratory infection. Conclusion The risk of having children with acute respiratory infection is lower in the households of cooking food outdoor compared to indoor. The infection difference in different surveys suggests progress in the practices in either food cooking places or the fuel types used that minimize food cooking places location or the fuel types used that minimizes the risk. But, the infection is still high; therefore, measures promoting indoor cooking in a well-ventilated environment with alternative energy sources should take place.

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