Rethinking the economic costs of malaria at the household level: Evidence from applying a new analytical framework in rural Kenya

AbstractObjectiveVarious indicators and assessment tools exist to measure diets and nutrition. Most studies eventually rely on one approach. Relatively little is known about how closely results match when different tools are used in the same context. The present study compares and correlates different indicators for the same households and individuals to better understand which indicators can be used as proxies for others.DesignA survey of households and individuals was carried out in Kenya in 2015. Seven-day food consumption and 24 h dietary recalls were administered at household and individual level, respectively. Individual height and weight measures were taken. Different indicators of food access (energy consumption, household dietary diversity scores), dietary quality (individual dietary diversity scores, micronutrient intakes) and nutrition (anthropometric indicators) were calculated and correlated to evaluate associations.SettingRural farm households in western Kenya.ParticipantsData collected from 809 households and 1556 individuals living in these households (782 female adults, 479 male adults, 295 children aged 6–59 months).ResultsAll measures of food access and dietary quality were positively correlated at individual level. Household-level and individual-level dietary indicators were also positively correlated. Correlations between dietary indicators and anthropometric measures were small and mostly statistically insignificant.ConclusionsDietary indicators from 7d food consumption recalls at the household level can be used as proxies of individual dietary quality of children and male and female adults. Individual dietary diversity scores are good proxies of micronutrient intakes. However, neither household-level nor individual-level dietary indicators are good proxies of individual nutritional status in this setting.

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Determinants of Use of Household-level Water Chlorination Products in Rural Kenya, 2003–2005

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph7103842 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 7 (10) ◽

pp. 3842-3852 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Amy E. DuBois ◽

John A. Crump ◽

Bruce H. Keswick ◽

Laurence Slutsker ◽

Robert E. Quick ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Household Level ◽

Rural Kenya ◽

Water Chlorination

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Farm household risk balancing: implications for policy from an EU perspective

Agricultural Finance Review ◽

10.1108/afr-04-2015-0017 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 75 (4) ◽

pp. 450-468 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Erwin Wauters ◽

Yann de Mey ◽

Frankwin van Winsen ◽

Steven Van Passel ◽

Mark Vancauteren ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Management ◽

Policy Instruments ◽

Risk Behaviour ◽

Analytical Framework ◽

Farm Income ◽

Farm Household ◽

Content Type ◽

Farm Level ◽

Household Level ◽

Behavioural Responses

Purpose – Building on the risk balancing theory and on recent discussions the appropriateness of using farm income maximization as behavioural assumption, this paper extends the risk balancing framework by accounting for business-household interactions. The purpose of this paper is to theoretically introduce the concept of farm household risk balancing, a theoretical framework in which the farm household sets a constraint on the total household-level risk and balances farm-level and off-farm-level risk. Design/methodology/approach – The paper argues that the risk behaviour of farmers is better understood by considering risk at the household level. Using an analytical framework, equations are derived linking the farm activities, off-farm activities, consumption and business and private liquidity. Findings – The framework shows that a farm household that wants to minimize the risk that total household cash flow falls below consumption needs, may exhibit a wide variety of behavioural responses to changes in the policy and economic environment. Social implications – The framework suggests multiple ways for policy makers and individual farmers to support risk management. Originality/value – Risk management is at the core of the agricultural policy and it is of paramount importance to be able to understand behavioural responses to market and policy instruments. This paper contributes to that by suggesting that the focus of current risk analysis and management studies may be too narrowly focused at the farm level.

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The Trap of Neoliberalism for GCC Countries

Contemporary Arab Affairs ◽

10.1525/caa.2018.114004 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 63-82

Author(s):

Abdullah Al-Beraidi

Keyword(s):

Economic Reform ◽

Analytical Framework ◽

Social Solidarity ◽

Economic Costs ◽

Social Scientists ◽

Sustained Development ◽

Class System ◽

Gcc Countries ◽

Breathing Space ◽

Gulf States

This study investigates the extent to which neoliberalism could be the cornerstone for economic reform and diversification in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. It seeks to determine the most important effects of neoliberalism as well as its social and economic costs, starting from the premise that economics is by and large a social science. The study is aimed at exploring the possibilities of crafting an economic doctrine suited to the conditions of these countries and capable of satisfying their current and future needs with the aim of fostering sustained development and stability on a sound basis. In its quest for answers, it uses a descriptive, critical and interpretive methodology in an analytical framework that combines the views of prominent economists and social scientists while paying special attention to the scientific and critical views of Arab Gulf thinkers and their analysts. The study looks at what it called “the five major defects” of neoliberalism: an unfair class system; lack of social solidarity; the debt trap; communal protests; and marketization and commoditization. Five warnings were made to the citizens of the Gulf States: to avoid impoverishment; to be wary of debt; to avoid ventures; to be wary of predators; and to be wary of intruders. The study tackled the twin issues of opting for limited liberalism and the need for reform to allow the economy breathing space.

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Use of financial diaries to understand smallholder investment finance a cross country analysis in Mozambique, Tanzania and Pakistan

Agricultural Finance Review ◽

10.1108/afr-03-2018-0022 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 80 (1) ◽

pp. 110-133

Author(s):

Maria del Puerto Soria ◽

Emilio Hernandez ◽

Riccardo Ciacci

Keyword(s):

Financial Services ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Analytical Framework ◽

Data Set ◽

Content Type ◽

Household Level ◽

Agricultural Income ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

The Individual ◽

Agricultural Investments

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the relative importance of different sources of finance for agricultural and non-agricultural investments using unique Smallholder Financial Diaries collected by Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP) in Mozambique, Pakistan and Tanzania at the individual and household level. Design/methodology/approach Following the analytical framework of variance decomposition developed in Samphantharak and Townsend (2010), this study develops a method to quantify how much each cash deficit associated to investments and expenses of interest co-move with different financing sources. Findings This paper finds that self-finance, rather than formal or informal finance from external providers, is the main financing source for long-term and short-term smallholder agricultural investments. Further, the paper finds that the main source of self-finance varies depending on the economic opportunities faced by smallholders, with non-agricultural income as the dominant financing source for some, while agricultural income dominating for others. Research limitations/implications Given CGAP’s Smallholder Financial Diaries is not nationally representative, research results should be interpreted carefully. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first paper to analyze financing sources for smallholder households making use of high frequency financial data for individuals in developing countries. Practical implications These findings imply that financial inclusion policies specifically targeting smallholders and the agricultural sector would benefit from enabling the development of an ecosystem of diverse financial services that respond simultaneously to both agriculture and non-agriculture needs. Originality/value This is paper furthers the authors’ knowledge on how smallholder households are financing their agricultural investments. Moreover, it applies methods in new ways to exploit a unique data set.

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Various forms of double burden of malnutrition problems exist in rural Kenya

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-019-7882-y ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Andrea Fongar ◽

Theda Gödecke ◽

Matin Qaim

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Micronutrient Deficiency ◽

Double Burden ◽

Household Level ◽

Individual Level ◽

Child Undernutrition ◽

Rural Kenya ◽

Double Burden Of Malnutrition ◽

The Individual

Abstract Background The coexistence of overweight/obesity and undernutrition is often referred to as the double burden of malnutrition (DB). DB was shown to exist in many developing countries, especially in urban areas. Much less is known about DB in rural areas of developing countries. Also, the exact definition of DB varies between studies, making comparison difficult. The objective of this study is to analyse DB problems in rural Kenya, using and comparing different DB definitions and measurement approaches. Methods Food intake and anthropometric data were collected from 874 male and female adults and 184 children (< 5 years) through a cross-section survey in rural areas of Western Kenya. DB at the individual level is defined as a person suffering simultaneously from overweight/obesity and micronutrient deficiency or stunting. DB at the household level is defined as an overweight/obese adult and an undernourished child living in the same household, using underweight, stunting, wasting, and micronutrient deficiency as indicators of child undernutrition. Results DB at the individual level is found in 19% of the adults, but only in 1% of the children. DB at the household level is relatively low (1–3%) when using wasting or underweight as indicators of child undernutrition, but much higher (13–17%) when using stunting or micronutrient deficiency as indicators. Conclusion Various forms of DB problems exist in rural Kenya at household and individual levels. Prevalence rates depend on how exactly DB is defined and measured. The rise of overweight and obesity, even in rural areas, and their coexistence with different forms of undernutrition are challenges for food and nutrition policies.

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Financing the Grand Strategy of Great and Rising Powers

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198840299.013.27 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 421-437

Author(s):

Rosella Cappella Zielinski

Keyword(s):

Analytical Framework ◽

Grand Strategy ◽

Rising Powers ◽

Economic Costs ◽

Short Term ◽

Financial Strategy ◽

Political Costs ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Threat Environment

How can great and rising powers finance their grand strategy? What enables and constrains a state’s ability to finance its grand strategic needs? Under what conditions are leaders able to implement their desired financial strategy? When considering the various means available for financing grand strategy, leaders are concerned with raising revenue to implement their grand strategy as well as staying in power. Financing grand strategy, however, presents an intertemporal dilemma for leaders: a politically costly fiscal sacrifice today for benefits accrued in the future. This chapter advances an analytical framework and offers illustrative examples to understand how leaders navigate this intertemporal dilemma. First, the chapter addresses the scope of the study: military spending of great and rising powers. Second, it presents the various financing options and addresses the short- and long-term political and economic costs of each. Third, it offers three variables that condition leader willingness to incur the short-term political costs of financing grand strategy: regime type, whether a state is a rising or great power, and the degree of clarity in the threat environment.

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