Transthoracic delivery of large devices into the left ventricle through the right ventricle and interventricular septum: preclinical feasibility

The distribution of acetylcholine (ACh) in the cat heart was investigated by a pyrolysis-gas chromatography (PGC) method. The hearts were dissected into various regions and homogenized in acetonitrile in the presence of propionylcholine, internal standard. Following extraction with toluene and hexane, the choline esters were precipitated as the enneaiodide complex. The isolated choline esters were analyzed by PGC, and the peak corresponding to ACh was quantified. The compound extracted from heart tissue that eluted with the retention time of authentic ACh was identified by mass spectrometry as dimethylaminoethylacetate, the pyrolysis product of ACh. ACh concentrations were found to be higher in the atria than the ventricles. In both the atria and the ventricles, a higher content of ACh was found in the right than the left portions: right ventricle, 5.0 compared to left ventricle, 2.0 nmol/g; and right atrium, 16.8 compared to left atrium, 11.3 nmol/g. Some cats were subjected to a bilateral cervical vagotomy 3 wk before removal and analysis of heart tissue. Hearts from vagotomized cats contained less ACh than controls in the right ventricle (-31%), right atrium (-54%), SA node (-42%), and papillary muscle (-53%), but no decreases were found in the left ventricle, left atrium, or interventricular septum.

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INFLUENCE OF NOCTURNAL INCREASE OF BLOOD PRESSURE ON CARDIAC REMODELING IN PATIENTS WITH ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION

Aspirantskiy Vestnik Povolzhiya ◽

10.17816/2072-2354.2019.19.1.65-69 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1-2) ◽

pp. 65-69

Author(s):

A. I Miroshnichenko ◽

K. M Ivanov

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Left Ventricle ◽

Right Ventricle ◽

Arterial Hypertension ◽

Antihypertensive Therapy ◽

Cardiac Remodeling ◽

Interventricular Septum ◽

Posterior Wall ◽

The Right ◽

Group 1

Actuality. Arterial hypertension (AH) is the main risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases, disability and cardiovascular mortality. Episodes of blood pressure (BP) increase during the day in patients receiving antihypertensive therapy are an unfavourable factor contributing to the development and progression of cardiac remodeling. Aim. The purpose of the research is to study the features of changes in the structural and functional state of the heart under the influence of high blood pressure at night in patients with arterial hypertension with the dynamic three-year observation. Material and methods. 47 patients with the diagnosis of AH were examined. Patients were divided into two groups, randomized by age, duration and severity of AH. Group 1 included 24 patients who as a result of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) on the background of combined antihypertensive therapy suffered from constantly increased BP at night. The second group combined 23 patients without the increase in BP during the night according to the ABPM with antihypertensive therapy. The examination included measurement of the office BP, ABPM, two-fold echocardiography with a three-year interval. Results. When assessing the indices of office BP in the groups, there were no significant differences, all patients achieved the target values of BP. In patients in Group 1, higher values of BP were observed during the day, according to ABPM. Echocardiography over a three year period of observation revealed a more pronounced increase in diastolic interventricular septum thickness, the thickness of the left ventricle posterior wall during diastole, sizes of left atrium in the patients of the first group, patients of the second group had a more pronounced thickness of the left ventricle posterior wall during systole. The increase in the size of the right ventricle was revealed in both groups. Conclusions. 1) In patients with the increase in blood pressure at night, the values of BP variability were higher during the day. 2) Three-year dynamic observation revealed that the increase in BP at night in patients with hypertension facilitated acceleration of cardiac remodelling and was associated with an increase in the left ventricular posterior wall, interventricular septum thickness, the size of the left atrium, and the size of the right ventricle.

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Morphometric Indicators of Rat Myocardium under the Action of General Hypothermia

Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini bìologìï ta sportu ◽

10.26693/jmbs06.02.031 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 31-36

Author(s):

M. S. Belimenko ◽

◽

V. V. Kosharniy ◽

L. V. Abdul-Ogly ◽

G. O. Kozlovskaya

Keyword(s):

Left Ventricle ◽

Right Ventricle ◽

Interventricular Septum ◽

Side Wall ◽

Posterior Wall ◽

Longitudinal Section ◽

Anterior Wall ◽

Adult Rats ◽

The Right ◽

Intact Rats

Hypothermia is a situation in which the internal body temperature drops below 35 degrees Celsius. The article presents the relevance, theoretical aspects and features of the action of general hypothermia on the heart in general and cardiomyocytes in particular. The purpose of the study was to study the changes in the myocardium under the action of general hypothermia at different levels of structural organization. The object of the study were the hearts of laboratory adult rats. The study involved 20 animals. The longitudinal section shows that the right ventricle is much thinner than the left and its cavity is presented in the form of a crescent. The interventricular septum is thicker than the wall of the right ventricle and goes into its cavity. Results. To establish the shape of the heart and track the dynamic changes at the organ level, we calculated an index showing the ratio of the width of the heart to its length. In 80% of cases, the heart shape of intact rats was conical, the index averaged 55%, only 20% elliptical, the index was more than 65%. We did not observe other forms of heart in the group of intact rats. In the experimental groups, a spherical heart shape appeared. The thickness of the anterior wall of the left ventricle for 10 days from the beginning of the experiment was 3.15±0.11 mm, the side wall 3.1±0.11 mm, the posterior wall 2.45±0.04 mm, interventricular septum 2.95±0.09 mm. In the right ventricle, the thickness of the anterior wall is 1.04±0.03 mm, the posterior wall is 1.36±0.04 mm. On the 30th day from the beginning of the experiment, the thickness of the anterior wall of the left ventricle was 3.21±0.11 mm, the side wall 2.65±0.06 mm, the posterior wall 3.27±0.09 mm, the interventricular septum 3.14±0.13 mm. In the right ventricle, the thickness of the anterior wall is 1.09±0.04 mm, the posterior wall is 1.38±0.03 mm. Conclusions. The increase in heart mass, change in its shape due to changes in the middle third of the heart wall of both the left and right ventricles. The highest rates were in the middle third of the heart (zone "B"): In all layers of the myocardium there is an increase in the diameter of cardiomyocytes, a decrease in the distance between individual cardiomyocytes and their groups. The distance between adjacent cardiomyocytes in the left ventricle is: in the outer layer 1/8 of the diameter of the cardiomyocyte, between groups of cardiomyocytes 1/4 of the diameter of the cardiomyocyt

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Parasympathetic control of the heart. I. An interventriculo-septal ganglion is the major source of the vagal intracardiac innervation of the ventricles

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00620.2003 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 96 (6) ◽

pp. 2265-2272 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Tannis A. Johnson ◽

Alrich L. Gray ◽

Jean-Marie Lauenstein ◽

Stephen S. Newton ◽

V. John Massari

Keyword(s):

Left Ventricle ◽

Right Ventricle ◽

Interventricular Septum ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Anterior Surface ◽

Ventricular Performance ◽

Neuronal Marker ◽

Left And Right ◽

Intracardiac Ganglia ◽

The Right

The locations, projections, and functions of the intracardiac ganglia are incompletely understood. Immunocytochemical labeling with the general neuronal marker protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) was used to determine the distribution of intracardiac neurons throughout the cat atria and ventricles. Fluorescence microscopy was used to determine the number of neurons within these ganglia. There are eight regions of the cat heart that contain intracardiac ganglia. The numbers of neurons found within these intracardiac ganglia vary dramatically. The total number of neurons found in the heart (6,274 ± 1,061) is almost evenly divided between the atria and the ventricles. The largest ganglion is found in the interventricular septum (IVS). Retrogradely labeled fluorescent tracer studies indicated that the vagal intracardiac innervation of the anterior surface of the right ventricle originates predominantly in the IVS ganglion. A cranioventricular (CV) ganglion was retrogradely labeled from the anterior surface of the left ventricle but not from the anterior surface of the right ventricle. These new neuroanatomic data support the prior physiological hypothesis that the CV ganglion in the cat exerts a negative inotropic effect on the left ventricle. A total of three separate intracardiac ganglia innervate the left ventricle, i.e., the CV, IVS, and a second left ventricular (LV2) ganglion. However, the IVS ganglion provides the major source of innervation to both the left and right ventricles. This dual innervation pattern may help to coordinate or segregate vagal effects on left and right ventricular performance.

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Morphological and morphometric analysis from the heart of Caracara plancus (Carcará)

Journal of Morphological Sciences ◽

10.4322/jms.064413 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 31 (04) ◽

pp. 225-227

Author(s):

R. Miguel ◽

R. Reinaldo ◽

K. Fraga ◽

A. Galvão ◽

J. Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Left Ventricle ◽

Right Ventricle ◽

Muscle Tissue ◽

Interventricular Septum ◽

Side Wall ◽

Lateral Wall ◽

Longitudinal Axis ◽

Papillary Muscles ◽

Atrioventricular Valve ◽

The Right

Abstract Introduction: Caracara plancus, popularly known as Carcará, is a bird with broad geographic distribution, occurring from the southern United States to Argentina. Owing to importance of the heart during the flight and the lack of studies of this body in caracaras, this research aimed to conduct the description of the morphology and internal and external morphology heart Caracara plancus. Materials and Methods: Using a magnifying glass (TECNIVAL, SQF-F), precision scale and steel caliper, the heart three caracaras were described morphologically, weighed and measured. Results: The weight of hearts averaged 7,246g ± 0,518g. The mean side-to-side axis was 2,196cm ± 0,085cm and 3,366cm ± 0,036cm the longitudinal axis. In the side wall of the right ventricle was obtained the value of 0,185cm ± 0,035cm in the lateral wall of the left ventricle 0,59cm ± 0,014cm and interventricular septum 0,014cm ± 0.52cm. The heart of Carcará has no anterior interventricular groove; however there is the presence of the posterior interventricular sulcus. Internally, the left ventricle was observed, the presence of atrioventricular valves formed by connective tissue 18 tendinous cords, papillary muscles and a bridge crests. In the right ventricle, the atrioventricular valve was formed by muscle tissue and did not submit chordae, papillary muscles, crests or bridge. Conclusion: The heart of Carcará features in its morphology similar to the hearts of other birds and can be checked one right atrioventricular valve constituted by muscle tissue.

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Giant Cardiac Hydatid Cyst in Children: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Clinical Medicine Insights Case Reports ◽

10.4137/ccrep.s15862 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. CCRep.S15862 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Leslie Fiengo ◽

Federico Bucci ◽

Domenico Giannotti ◽

Gregorio Patrizi ◽

Adriano Redler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Surgery ◽

Case Report ◽

Left Ventricle ◽

Right Ventricle ◽

Interventricular Septum ◽

Review Of The Literature ◽

Asymptomatic Patients ◽

The Mean ◽

The Right ◽

Cardiac Cyst

Cardiac echinococcus is a rare affliction of the heart caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. Primary echinococcosis of the heart represents 0.5–2% of all hydatid disease cases in endemic regions. It evolves slowly, explaining its rarity in children. We report the case of a 11-year-old child affected by a giant cardiac cyst of the left ventricle (LV). The patient underwent cardiac surgery and medical treatment. A retrospective review of the current literature was realized. We found 18 cases: the mean age was 11-years old. Nine cysts were localized in the LV, four in the interventricular septum, three in the right ventricle, and two in the right atrium. All underwent surgery except six patients. Routine echocardiographic screening may be useful in endemic regions where infestation is common. Cardiac echinococcus should be diagnosed in the early and uncomplicated stages and be removed surgically even in asymptomatic patients.

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P1492 A rare case of a spontaneous rupture of a congenital inter ventricular septum diverticulum in an adult

European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging ◽

10.1093/ehjci/jez319.916 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

E A Khalifa ◽

S Helmy ◽

S F Mohamed ◽

A Ghareep ◽

M Alkuwari

Keyword(s):

Left Ventricle ◽

Right Ventricle ◽

Cardiac Computed Tomography ◽

Interventricular Septum ◽

Ventricular Septum ◽

Cardiac Anomaly ◽

True Incidence ◽

Sternal Border ◽

The Right

Abstract Introduction A ventricular diverticulum is a rare cardiac anomaly with its true incidence is likely to be underestimated, as most patients are thought to be asymptomatic. Possible known complications include conduction abnormalities, rupture, bacterial endocarditis, and thromboembolism. We report a case of inter ventricular septum diverticulum detected incidentally in an adult during echocardiography and which ruptured spontaneously after 3 years of follow up. Case report A 36-year-old asymptomatic gentleman was referred for cardiac evaluation as a part of pre employment general check-up. He was controlled hypertensive on medical treatment. He had no history myocardial infarction (MI), arrhythmias, or stroke. He had never experienced exertional dyspnoea or chest pain. Physical examination was unremarkable. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed mild left ventricle hypertrophy with normal global and regional contractility with an ejection fraction of 58%. In addition, it showed a myocardial out-pouching (11x9 mm) localized at the basal third of the posterior inter-ventricular septum and bulging into the right ventricle and moving in synchrony with the rest of the left ventricle with no shunt (figures A&B&C). The patient’s history allowed us to exclude a post-ischemic LV aneurysm and an infective genesis of the lesion. Contrast enhanced EKG gated cardiac computed tomography confirmed the presence of a blind ended diverticulum of the interventricular septum which was stretching and protruding into the right ventricle. The septum and the diverticulum were intact with no evidence of associated septal defects, (figures D&E&F). Three years later, during his regular follow up, a loud pan-systolic murmur was heard along the left sternal border. His repeated echocardiographic study revealed a rupture of the inter ventricular septal diverticulum into the right ventricle, with a left to right shunt of a peak systolic gradient of 71 mmHg, (Fig G). His blood pressure was 100/60. Cardiac magnetic resonance confirmed the rupture of the interventricular septum diverticulum. It revealed a tiny defect with a left to right shunt and the calculated QP/QS was 1.3, (fig H&I). As the patient was asymptomatic and the shunt was insignificant, the decision was made to be managed conservatively and not to intervene with surgery at this point. This was to avoid the potential of surgical complications as disruption of the patient’s conduction system and the chance of post-operative arrhythmia. Abstract P1492 Figure.

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D-Shaped Left Ventricle, Anatomic, and Physiologic Implications

Case Reports in Cardiology ◽

10.1155/2017/4309165 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-4 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Eder Hans Cativo Calderon ◽

Tuoyo O. Mene-Afejuku ◽

Rachna Valvani ◽

Diana P. Cativo ◽

Devendra Tripathi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Left Ventricle ◽

Right Ventricle ◽

Interventricular Septum ◽

Pressure Overload ◽

Volume Overload ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Transthoracic Echocardiogram ◽

Elderly Male ◽

In Series ◽

The Right

Right ventricular loading/pressure influences left ventricular function because the two ventricles pump in series and because they are anatomically arranged in parallel, sharing the common ventricular septum. Flattening of the interventricular septum detected during echocardiographic examination is called D-shaped left ventricle. We present a case of an elderly male of African descent, who presented with increased shortness of breath. Transthoracic echocardiogram showed flattening and left sided deviation of interventricular septum causing a decreased size in left ventricle, secondary to volume/pressure overload in the right ventricle. While patient received hemodialysis therapy and intravascular volume was removed, patient blood pressure was noted to increase, paradox. Repeated transthoracic echocardiogram demonstrated less left deviation of interventricular septum compared with previous echocardiogram. We consider that it is important for all physicians to be aware of the anatomic and physiologic implication of D-shaped left ventricle and how right ventricle pressure/volume overload affects its function and anatomy.

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Difference in Thickness Between Right Ventricle and Left Ventricle of Adult Human Heart: A Cadaveric Study

International Journal of Anatomy and Research ◽

10.16965/ijar.2021.165 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 8116-8119

Author(s):

Kalpana Thounaojam ◽

◽

Keisam Anupama Devi ◽

Joyce Tunglut ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Left Ventricle ◽

Right Ventricle ◽

Human Heart ◽

Interventricular Septum ◽

Posterior Wall ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Wall Thickening ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Adult Human ◽

The Right

Background: The left ventricle is longer and narrower than the right ventricle, extending from its base in the plane of the atrioventricular groove to the cardiac apex. The wall of the left ventricle is three times thicker (8-12 mm) than those of right ventricle. The wall of the right ventricle is relatively thin (3–5 mm), the ratio of the thickness of the two ventricular walls usually being 1:3. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterized by myocardial wall thickening, particularly a disproportionate thickening of the interventricular septum in comparison with the posterior wall. An athlete’s heart may physiologically hypertrophy but in a uniform fashion. The objective of the study is to determine the thickness of wall of right and left ventricle of adult human heart and ratio of thickness of right and left ventricle. Materials and Methods: Adult human hearts were procured from the specimens preserved in Anatomy Department of Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences. A cross-sectional study was conducted on forty- four specimen of adult heart. The measurement of the right and left ventricular wall was done with digital vernier caliper. The measurements were done at three levels in both right and left ventricle: upper, middle and lower part. Result and Conclusion: The ratio of the thickness of the wall of right and left ventricle is well known as 1:3. However, in our study we found the ratio as 1:1.4. We found the thickness of the right ventricle thicker than the normal thickness reported in previous studies. We wish to continue the study with a larger sample size. KEY WORDS: Heart, Right ventricle, left ventricle, Thickness Ratio, Myocardium.

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