The development of multiple drug use among anabolic-androgenic steroid users: six subjective case reports

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among anabolic-androgenic steroid use and other drug use, strength training, sports participation, and school performance of high school students. Among males not participating in school sports, 37% of the variation in anabolic steroid use was accounted for by frequency of cocaine use, injected drug use, other drug use, and engaging in strength training. Injection drug use and poly-drug use accounted for 22.1% of the variation in the frequency of anabolic-steroid use among males participating in school sports, 29.1% of the variation among females participating in school sports, and 63.3% of the variation among females not participating in school sports.

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Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Abuse: The Effects on Thrombosis Risk, Coagulation, and Fibrinolysis

Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1670639 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 44 (08) ◽

pp. 734-746 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Anna-Marie Münster ◽

Jørgen Gram ◽

Johannes Sidelmann ◽

Simon Chang

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Wide Spectrum ◽

Case Reports ◽

Coagulation Factors ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Anabolic Androgenic Steroid ◽

Risk Markers ◽

Androgenic Steroid ◽

Thrombosis Risk ◽

Increased Risk

AbstractAnabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse surged during the 1980s and is seen in approximately 1 in 20 of all males today. A wide spectrum of AAS compounds and abuse regimens are applied and AAS abuse has been associated with an unfavorable cardiovascular profile. The aim of this review is to critique the collected data concerning effects of AAS abuse on thrombosis risk through presentation of condensed evidence from studies investigating AAS-induced changes in coagulation, fibrinolysis, and cardiovascular risk markers. AAS abuse inflicts a procoagulant distribution of cardiovascular risk markers including dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis proneness. AAS abuse overall stimulates synthesis of coagulation factors, inhibitors, and fibrinolytic proteins resulting in both increased global coagulation and stimulation of fibrinolysis. Overall, supported by many case reports and some epidemiological studies, AAS abuse is associated with an increased risk of thrombosis. However, to provide clear evidence for a causal relationship between AAS abuse and thrombosis risk, future studies need to address a range of potential biases, insufficient methodology, and other shortcomings of the current literature as highlighted in this review.

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Indications of psychological dependence among anabolic-androgenic steroid abusers.

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e473002004-001 ◽

1990 ◽

Author(s):

C. E. Yesalis ◽

J. R. Vicary ◽

W. E. Buckley ◽

A. L. Streit

Keyword(s):

Anabolic Androgenic Steroid ◽

Androgenic Steroid

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Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid- Induced Mental Status Changes

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e496332006-013 ◽

1990 ◽

Author(s):

David L. Katz ◽

◽

Harrison G. Pope

Keyword(s):

Mental Status ◽

Anabolic Androgenic Steroid ◽

Androgenic Steroid

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Healthcare cost associations of patients who use illicit drugs in Florida: a retrospective analysis

Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy ◽

10.1186/s13011-020-00313-2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jessica L. Ryan ◽

Veronica R. Rosa

Keyword(s):

Drug Use ◽

Patient Care ◽

Healthcare Cost ◽

Healthcare Costs ◽

Illicit Drugs ◽

Illicit Drug ◽

Multiple Drug ◽

Study Population ◽

Multiple Drugs ◽

Hospital Research

Abstract Background Illicit drug use increases visits to the hospital. Research is limited on the costs of these healthcare visits by illicit drug. Methods Florida’s Agency for Health Care Administration’s emergency department and inpatient datasets from 2016 to 2018 were analyzed. Adults who used an illicit drug were included in the study population resulting in 709,658 observations. Cost-to-charge ratios were used to estimate healthcare costs. Linear regression analyzed associations of illicit drugs with total healthcare cost. Results Total healthcare costs are estimated at $6.4 billion over the 3 year period. Medicare paid for the most patient care ($2.16 billion) with Medicaid and commercial insurance each estimated at $1.36 billion. Cocaine (9.25%) and multiple drug use (6.12%) increased the costs of an ED visit compared to a patient with cannabis SUD. Opioids (23.40%) and inhalants use (16.30%) increased the costs of inpatient compared to cannabis SUD. Conclusion Healthcare costs are high of patients with illicit drug SUD and poisoning, over half of which are paid for with tax payer dollars and to an unknown degree hospital write-offs. Injuries and illness of patients using cocaine and multiple drugs are associated with more expensive ED patient care and opioids and inhalants are associated with more expensive inpatient care.

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Anabolic-androgenic steroid induced alterations in choline acetyltransferase messenger RNA levels of spinal cord motoneurons in the male rat

Neuroscience ◽

10.1016/s0306-4522(96)00597-0 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 78 (3) ◽

pp. 873-882 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

C.E Blanco ◽

P Popper ◽

P Micevych

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Choline Acetyltransferase ◽

Messenger Rna ◽

Male Rat ◽

Anabolic Androgenic Steroid ◽

Androgenic Steroid ◽

Rna Levels

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Doping practices in international weightlifting: analysis of sanctioned athletes/support personnel from 2008 to 2019 and retesting of samples from the 2008 and 2012 Olympic Games

Sports Medicine - Open ◽

10.1186/s40798-020-00293-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Alexander Kolliari-Turner ◽

Brian Oliver ◽

Giscard Lima ◽

John P. Mills ◽

Guan Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sensitivity And Specificity ◽

Regional Differences ◽

Olympic Games ◽

Anabolic Androgenic Steroid ◽

Sample Storage ◽

Support Personnel ◽

Androgenic Steroid ◽

In Doping ◽

Targeted Testing

Abstract Background The pervasiveness of doping and findings of anti-doping corruption threaten weightlifting’s position at the 2024 Olympic Games. Analysing the practices of doping in weightlifters could identify patterns in doping that assist in future detection. Methods We analysed publicly available data on sanctioned athletes/support personnel from the International Weightlifting Federation between 2008 and 2019 and announced retrospective Anti-Doping Rule Violations (ADRVs) from the 2008 and 2012 Olympic Games. Results There were 565 sanctions between 2008 and 2019 of which 82% related to the detection of exogenous Anabolic Androgenic Steroid (AAS) metabolites and markers indicating endogenous AAS usage. The detection of exogenous AAS metabolites, markers of endogenous AAS usage and other substance metabolites varied by IWF Continental Federation (p ≤ 0.05) with Europe (74%, 11%, 15%) and Asia (70%, 15%, 15%) showing a higher detection of exogenous AAS compared to Pan America (37%, 30%, 33%) and Africa (50%, 17%, 33%). When looking at the 10 most detected substances, the nations with the highest number of sanctions (range 17–35) all had at least one overrepresented substance that accounted for 38–60% of all detected substances. The targeted re-analysis of samples from the 2008 and 2012 Olympic Games due to the discovery of long-term metabolites for exogenous AAS resulted in 61 weightlifters producing retrospective ADRVs. This includes 34 original medallists (9 gold, 10 silver and 15 bronze), the highest of any sport identified by Olympic Games sample re-testing. The exogenous AAS dehydrochloromethyltestosterone and stanozolol accounted for 83% of detected substances and were present in 95% of these samples. Conclusion Based on these findings of regional differences in doping practices, weightlifting would benefit from the targeted testing of certain regions and continuing investment in long-term sample storage as the sensitivity and specificity of detection continues to improve.

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Intrasexual competition as a potential influence on anabolic-androgenic steroid use initiation

Journal of Health Psychology ◽

10.1177/1359105317692145 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 24 (9) ◽

pp. 1210-1220 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Marc Harris ◽

Michael Dunn ◽

Tina Alwyn

Keyword(s):

United Kingdom ◽

Intrasexual Competition ◽

Anabolic Androgenic Steroids ◽

Anabolic Androgenic Steroid ◽

Potential Influence ◽

Steroid Use ◽

Novice Group ◽

Androgenic Steroid ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Androgenic Steroids

An estimated 293,000 people living in the United Kingdom have used anabolic-androgenic steroids. However, there is currently no intervention to reduce usage available in practice or academic circulation throughout the United Kingdom. This study aimed to test a novel hypothesis that increased levels of intrasexual competition may play an important influential role in the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Significantly higher levels of intrasexual competition were evident in users compared to non-users but only in the novice group (0–2 years of experience). The research provides evidence for intrasexual competition potentially influencing anabolic-androgenic steroid use but only during the initial stages of usage.

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