scholarly journals Intergenerational mobility and self-selection on unobserved skills: New evidence

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Hebsaker ◽  
Guido Neidhöfer ◽  
Friedhelm Pfeiffer
Keyword(s):  
Positive Selection ◽  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Educational Mobility ◽  
Educational Improvement ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Self Selection ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Regions Of Origin

AbstractThis study proposes a novel way to examine self-selection on unobserved skills and applies it to a sample of young males seeking asylum in 2015/2016 in Germany. First, the degree of intergenerational mobility of these refugees is assessed, specifically their educational improvement in comparison to their parents’ level of education. Next, the estimates are compared with the level of educational mobility of similar-aged males in the refugees’ regions of origin. The idea is that this difference indicates the pattern of self-selection on unobserved skills such as grit and motivation. Our findings hint at positive selection on such unobserved skills among these young male refugees.

scholarly journals Relating Reactive and Proactive Aggression to Trait Driving Anger in Young and Adult Males: A Pilot Study Using Explicit and Implicit Measures

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1850
Author(s):  
Veerle Ross ◽  
Nora Reinolsmann ◽  
Jill Lobbestael ◽  
Chantal Timmermans ◽  
Tom Brijs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Proactive Aggression ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Driving Anger ◽  
Reactive And Proactive Aggression

Driving anger and aggressive driving are main contributors to crashes, especially among young males. Trait driving anger is context-specific and unique from other forms of anger. It is necessary to understand the mechanisms of trait driving anger to develop targeted interventions. Although literature conceptually distinguished reactive and proactive aggression, this distinction is uncommon in driving research. Similar, cognitive biases related to driving anger, measured by a combination of explicit and implicit measures, received little attention. This pilot study related explicit and implicit measures associated with reactive and proactive aggression to trait driving anger, while considering age. The sample consisted of 42 male drivers. The implicit measures included a self-aggression association (i.e., Single-Target Implicit Association Test) and an attentional aggression bias (i.e., Emotional Stroop Task). Reactive aggression related positively with trait driving anger. Moreover, a self-aggression association negatively related to trait driving anger. Finally, an interaction effect for age suggested that only in young male drivers, higher proactive aggression related to lower trait driving anger. These preliminary results motivate further attention to the combination of explicit and implicit measures related to reactive and proactive aggression in trait driving anger research.

scholarly journals Compartment Syndrome: an Acute Femoral Stress Fracture in a Young Male Athlete

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelie Kanovsky ◽  
Ernst J. Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Compartment Syndrome ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Stress Fracture ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Fatigued Muscle ◽  
Fracture Osteosynthesis ◽  
Initial Fracture ◽  
The Right

AbstractThe incidence of an acute compartment syndrome (ACS) of the thigh is less than 1%. It is most common in the setting of muscle overuse or muscle injury, as well as secondary to trauma, such as a femoral fracture. We present a case of an ACS in a young, healthy, and semiprofessional athlete with normal coagulation who sustained an acute stress fracture of the distal femur. After the initial fracture osteosynthesis, the patient suffered from a compartment syndrome in the right anterior aspect of the distal thigh. Following rapid surgical fasciotomy, the case was uneventful, and he returned to his preinjury sport level without any neurological consequences. This case confirms that ACS in the thigh is rare, but mainly occurs in young males with a large muscle mass due to participation in various athletic programs. We hypothesize that constant muscle over-usage primes for a larger amount of contused and protruding muscle mass in the small femoral compartment. Hence, the fatigued muscle subjects the bone to an increased mechanical force resulting in an overloading process. This ensues the accumulation of femoral microfractures and primes for the occurrence of an increased rate of stress fractures and an ACS in the thigh.

Abstract P038: Testosterone Supplements Have Differential Effects on Blood Pressure in Old and Young Male Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Hypertension ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo O Maranon ◽  
Licy L Yanes Cardozo ◽  
Carolina Dalmasso ◽  
Chetan N Patil ◽  
Andrew Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Zucker Rats ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽  
Young Males ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Younger Men ◽  
Obese Zucker Rats

Testosterone (“T”) supplements are widely used by men to improve their quality of life, libido, and protect against osteoporosis. In clinical studies, both high and low “T” levels were found to be associated with hypertension and cardiovascular risk. Endogenous “T” levels are reduced in obese men and rats. We have shown previously that “T” supplements in middle-aged (6 mos) obese Zucker rats improved symptoms of the metabolic syndrome and caused weight loss, but increased their blood pressure. How “T” supplements affect hypertensive men and rats is unknown. We hypothesized that “T” supplements would further increase blood pressure (BP) in both old and young male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Old (O=20-22 mos) and young (Y=10 wks) male SHR were treated with “T” (testosterone propionate 8 mg/10 mm silastic pellet; OT and YT, implanted sc) or placebo (empty pellets; OP and YP, sc). Pellets were changed every 3 weeks for 8 weeks. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured by telemetry for 2 weeks. MAP in OP was higher than in YP (OP: 166±7 vs YP: 148±0.5 mmHg, p<0.001). As we predicted, “T” increased MAP in YT (YP: 148±1 vs YT: 157±1 mmHg, p<0.001). In contrast, “T” decreased MAP in OT (OP: 166±1 vs OT: 155±1 mmHg, p<0.001). These data suggest that in younger men, especially men who are already hypertensive, blood pressure should be monitored closely during “T” supplementation in order to prevent further cardiovascular disease. Since “T” reduced MAP in older male SHR, these data suggest that “T” supplements may not be as detrimental in older hypertensive men as in young men. Future studies will need to be done to determine the mechanisms by which “T” increases BP in young males and the mechanisms by which “T” reduces BP in old males. Supported by NIH-R01HL66072, PO1HL51971 (JFR), 14POST18640015 (ROM), EFF Endocrine Res Grant (LLY).

scholarly journals Role of Th17-cell related cytokines in geriatric asthma

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 580-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang Quan-san ◽  
Xu Xiaohong ◽  
Li ying ◽  
Sun Zhaojia
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Geriatric Patients ◽  
Immunoglobulin E ◽  
Airway Remodeling ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Asthma Control Test ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Male Patients

Objective This study aimed to investigate the pathogenesis of geriatric asthma through immunoglobulin E (IgE), interleukin-17A (IL-17A), IL-17F, and glucocorticoid receptor-β (GR-β) expression. Methods We studied 51 geriatric male patients with asthma and 50 young male patients with asthma. We also included 21 normal geriatric males and 21 normal young males. All geriatric and young patients were divided into groups according to pulmonary function. Levels of cytokines, such as IgE, IL-17A, IL-17F, and GR-β, were measured. Pulmonary function was assessed. The results from patients were compared with those from the 42 healthy subjects. Results Serum IgE, IL-17A, IL-17F, and GR-β levels in geriatric patients with moderate or severe asthma were significantly higher than those in young patients with moderate asthma and in the normal population. Geriatric patients with asthma had higher asthma control test scores than did young patients with asthma. Conclusion Hormone resistance in geriatric male patients with asthma is more serious than that in young male patients with asthma. Airway inflammation and airway remodeling in geriatric male patients with asthma may be more serious than those in young male patients with asthma, even when there is similar pulmonary function.

scholarly journals Sex differences in early experience and the development of aggression in wild chimpanzees

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (12) ◽  
pp. e2017144118
Author(s):  
Kris H. Sabbi ◽  
Melissa Emery Thompson ◽  
Zarin P. Machanda ◽  
Emily Otali ◽  
Richard W. Wrangham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Juvenile Period ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Early Life Exposure ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Differential Experience

Sex differences in physical aggression occur across human cultures and are thought to be influenced by active sex role reinforcement. However, sex differences in aggression also exist in our close evolutionary relatives, chimpanzees, who do not engage in active teaching, but do exhibit long juvenile periods and complex social systems that allow differential experience to shape behavior. Here we ask whether early life exposure to aggression is sexually dimorphic in wild chimpanzees and, if so, whether other aspects of early sociality contribute to this difference. Using 13 y of all-occurrence aggression data collected from the Kanyawara community of chimpanzees (2005 to 2017), we determined that young male chimpanzees were victims of aggression more often than females by between 4 and 5 (i.e., early in juvenility). Combining long-term aggression data with data from a targeted study of social development (2015 to 2017), we found that two potential risk factors for aggression—time spent near adult males and time spent away from mothers—did not differ between young males and females. Instead, the major risk factor for receiving aggression was the amount of aggression that young chimpanzees displayed, which was higher for males than females throughout the juvenile period. In multivariate models, sex did not mediate this relationship, suggesting that other chimpanzees did not target young males specifically, but instead responded to individual behavior that differed by sex. Thus, social experience differed by sex even in the absence of explicit gender socialization, but experiential differences were shaped by early-emerging sex differences in behavior.

Abstract P120: Association Of Liver Transaminase Levels And Long-term Blood Pressure Variability In Military Young Males In Taiwan

Hypertension ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gen-min Lin ◽  
Pang-yen Liu
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Blood Pressure Variability ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Liver Transaminase ◽  
Young Males

Background: Elevated serum liver transaminases (AST and ALT), highly related to metabolic disorders, are paradoxically associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. Blood pressure variability (BPV), a risk factor of CVD, has not been examined the relationship with serum liver transaminase. Methods: A prospective cohort of 1,112 military males, aged 32.2 years was collected in Taiwan. Serum AST and ALT were obtained from a 12 hour-fast blood sample of each participant. BPV was assessed by standard deviation (SD) and average real variability (ARV) of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), respectively across 4 visits during the study period (2012-14, 2014-15, 2015-16, and 2016-18). Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to determine the association adjusting for age, body mass index, SBP, DBP, lipid profiles, physical activity, alcohol and smoking status. Results: In the unadjusted model, serum ALT were positively correlated with SD DBP and ARV DBP (β (SE) =0.36 (0.16) and 0.24 (0.12), respectively), and so were AST (β= 0.19 (0.08) and 0.14 (0.06), respectively). However, all the associations were insignificant with adjustments. By contrast, the associations with systolic BPV were initially insignificant in the unadjusted model. With adjustments, serum ALT were negatively correlated with SD SBP and ARV SBP (β= -0.34 (0.16) and -0.24 (0.12), respectively) and so were AST (β= -0.14 (0.07) and -0.11 (0.06), respectively). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that liver transaminase levels were negatively correlated with long-term systolic BPV in young male adults, possibly accounting for the lower risk of CVD in previous studies.

scholarly journals Intergenerational Mobility in Slums: Evidence from a Field Survey in Jakarta

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Maisy Wong
Keyword(s):  
Primary Education ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
Educational Mobility ◽  
Secondary Schooling ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Junior Secondary ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
Data Tracking ◽  
High Educational

Slums are central to the global debate on inequality, serving as entry points for people moving to cities in search of economic opportunity. Yet we know little about the extent of intergenerational mobility in slums due to a lack of data tracking families across generations (including family members who no longer live together), as well as a lack of data covering slums. This paper addresses these empirical challenges using a field survey of four slums in Jakarta, tracking educational mobility spanning three generations: grandparents, parents, and children. Among grandparents who have less than primary education, only 24% of their children achieve junior secondary schooling or more. By contrast, among parents with less than primary education, 69% of their children attain junior secondary schooling or more. Overall, the patterns suggest improvements in educational mobility across generations. Moreover, there is suggestive evidence that groups with high educational mobility also exhibit high occupational mobility.

Gender differences on the effects of aging on cardiac and peripheral adrenergic stimulation in old conscious monkeys

2003 ◽  
Vol 285 (2) ◽  
pp. H527-H534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gen Takagi ◽  
Kuniya Asai ◽  
Stephen F. Vatner ◽  
Raymond K. Kudej ◽  
Franco Rossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Dynamic Responses ◽  
Adrenergic Stimulation ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Young Females ◽  
Cardiac Contractile ◽  
Effects Of Aging

We examined the effects of gender and aging on cardiac and peripheral hemodynamic responses to β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) stimulation in young (male = 5.9 ± 0.4 yr old and female = 6.5 ± 0.7 yr old) and old (male = 19.8 ± 0.7 yr old and female = 21.2 ± 0.2 yr old) conscious monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis), chronically instrumented for measurements of left ventricular (LV) and arterial pressures as well as cardiac output. Baseline LV pressure, the first derivative of LV pressure (LV dP/d t), cardiac index, mean arterial pressure, total peripheral resistance (TPR), and heart rate in conscious monkeys were not different among the four groups. Increases in LV dP/d t in response to 0.1 μg/kg isoproterenol (Iso) were diminished ( P < 0.05) in old males (+99 ± 11%) compared with young males (+194 ± 18%). In addition, the inotropic responses to norepinephrine (NE) and forskolin (FSK) were significantly depressed ( P < 0.05) in old males. Iso-induced reductions of TPR were less ( P < 0.05) in old males (–28 ± 2%) than in young males (–49 ± 2%). The changes of TPR in response to NE and FSK were also significantly attenuated ( P < 0.05) in old males. However, the LV dP/d t responses to BAY y 5959 (15 μg · kg–1 · min–1), a Ca2+ channel promotor independent of β-AR signaling, were not significantly different between old and young males. In contrast to results in male monkeys, LV dP/d t and TPR responses to Iso, NE, and FSK in old females were similar to those observed in young females. Thus both cardiac contractile and peripheral vascular dynamic responses to β-AR stimulation are preserved in old female but not old male monkeys. This may explain, in part, the reduced cardiovascular risk in the older female population.

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