scholarly journals Effect of health education on knowledge and attitude of menopause among middle-age teachers

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Gebretatyos ◽  
Lidia Ghirmai ◽  
Soliana Amanuel ◽  
Ghidey Gebreyohannes ◽  
Zemenfes Tsighe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Education ◽  
Educational Intervention ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Time Points ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude ◽  
Post Hoc

Abstract Background Adequate knowledge and positive attitude toward menopause are important for women to tackle changes related to menopause. Even though all women experience menopause at some stage in their life, teachers face more difficulties more than other female employees due to the nature of their roles do. In Eritrea, menopause has been given little attention hence gaps exist concerning women’s knowledge, attitude, and the effects of health education on the same subject. This study aimed at assessing the effect of health education on knowledge and attitude of menopause among middle-aged teachers in elementary, junior, and secondary schools of Asmara, Eritrea. Method A semi-experimental design with pre-intervention, immediate post-intervention, and three-month follow up test was used in this study. The data was collected from 99 middle age teachers using stratified random sampling. The intervention was done using lectures, group discussions, brochures, and handouts. Data on socio-demographics, knowledge, and attitude was collected using a pre-designed questionnaire. The effect of educational training at the three-time points was evaluated by repeated measure ANOVA using SPSS version 22. Results The mean scores of correct knowledge at pre-intervention, immediate post-intervention, and 3-months follow-up were 12.3/22 (SD = 3.06), 17.3/22 (SD = 3.21), and 16.5/22 (SD = 2.52) respectively. A significant difference in scores of knowledge at the three-time points was observed due to the educational intervention with a statistical significance of (p <  0.0001). Post-hoc analysis revealed that knowledge score immediately after intervention was significantly greater than that of pre-intervention (p <  0.0001), and 3-months follow-up (p = 0.004). The mean scores of attitude at the three-time points were 27.9/45 (SD = 5.14), 28.3/45(SD = 5.25), 28.32/45(SD = 5.12). The educational intervention had brought a change in the mean scores of attitude at the three-time point with a statistical significance of (p < 0.0001). Post-hoc analysis revealed that attitude scores at immediate post-intervention were also significant (p = 0.001) with the 3-months follow up at (p < 0.0001) were higher than that of pre-intervention. Conclusion The structured educational intervention was beneficial to the studied women in intensifying their knowledge and tuning them toward a positive attitude. Hence, proper health education programs regarding menopause are strongly recommended.

scholarly journals Increased Blood Pressure Variability and the Risk of Probable Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Post Hoc Analysis of the SPRINT MIND Trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam de Havenon ◽  
Mohammad Anadani ◽  
Shyam Prabhakaran ◽  
Ka‐Ho Wong ◽  
Shadi Yaghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Pressure Variability ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Post Hoc

Background Increased systolic blood pressure variability (BPV) is associated with stroke, cardiovascular disease, and dementia and mild cognitive impairment. However, prior studies assessing the relationship between BPV and dementia or mild cognitive impairment had infrequent measurement of blood pressure or suboptimal blood pressure control. Methods and Results We performed a post hoc analysis of the SPRINT (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial) MIND (Memory and Cognition in Decreased Hypertension) trial. The primary outcome was probable dementia during follow‐up. We defined our exposure period, during which blood pressures were collected, as the first 600 days of the trial, and outcomes were ascertained during the subsequent follow‐up. BPV was measured as tertiles of systolic blood pressure standard deviation. We fit Cox proportional hazards models to our outcome. We included 8379 patients. The mean follow‐up was 3.2±1.4 years, during which 316 (3.8%) patients developed dementia. The mean number of blood pressure measurements was 7.8, and in the tertiles of BPV, the SD was 6.3±1.6, 10.3±1.1, and 16.3±3.6 mm Hg, respectively. The rate of dementia was 2.4%, 3.6%, and 5.4% by ascending tertile, respectively ( P <0.001). In the Cox models, compared with the lowest tertile of BPV, the highest tertile of BPV increased the risk of dementia in both unadjusted (hazard ratio [HR], 2.36; 95% CI, 1.77–3.15) and adjusted (HR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.25–2.28) models. Conclusions In a post hoc analysis of the SPRINT MIND trial, we found that higher BPV was associated with the development of probable dementia despite excellent blood pressure control. Additional research is needed to understand how to reduce BPV and if its reduction lowers the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia.

scholarly journals Impacts of Faith-Based Lifestyle Interventions on Congregational-Level Nutrition and Physical Activity Environment and Policies

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 300-300
Author(s):  
Summer Wilmoth ◽  
Leah Carrillo ◽  
Elana Martinez ◽  
Raymundo Mendoza Mendoza ◽  
Lauren Correa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Program Effectiveness ◽  
San Antonio ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Environment Policy ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Faith Based ◽  
Post Hoc

Abstract Objectives Hispanics are disproportionally affected by obesity, cancer, and other obesity-related chronic diseases. Building a Healthy Temple (BHT) was a multi-component, faith-based lifestyle intervention implemented in 27 low-income, predominately-Hispanic congregations in San Antonio, TX between 2012 and 2017. One aim of BHT was to assess program effectiveness at improving health-conducive church environment/policy and sustainability of these improvements at follow-up. Methods A key macro-level program component of BHT was the formation of a Health Ministry Committee to initiate church-wide health-conducive environment/policy changes. The Congregational Health Index (CHI) was used to assess church nutrition (17 items) and physical activity (PA, 5 items) environment/policy at baseline, end of program, and follow-up (6 months or more post-intervention). Data were expressed as % of the maximum scores. Friedman test and post hoc analysis were performed with Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and significance of pairwise comparisons, adjusted with Bonferroni correction. Results Eighteen churches completed all 3 CHI assessments. Percentage of total nutrition and PA environment/policy scores for baseline, end of program, and follow-up were 38% (35–45), 64% (53–75), and 69% (64–77), respectively. Post hoc analysis shows significant improvements in nutrition and PA environment/policy scores at end of program (Z = –3.73, P &lt; 0.001) and follow-up (Z = –3.73, P &lt; 0.001) as compared to baseline, as well as significantly higher scores at follow-up compared to end of program (Z = –3.18, P = 0.001). Conclusions Study findings reveal the importance of utilizing congregation-wide macro-level interventions to create health-conducive enviroment/policy changes to facilitate and sustain healthy lifestyle changes in predominately-Hispanic faith community settings. Funding Sources Baptist Health Foundation San Antonio & Cancer Prevention Research Institute of Texas.

scholarly journals Baseline Interleukin-6 and -8 predict response and survival in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib monotherapy: an exploratory post hoc analysis of the SORAMIC trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osman Öcal ◽  
Kerstin Schütte ◽  
Juozas Kupčinskas ◽  
Egidijus Morkunas ◽  
Gabija Jurkeviciute ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Overall Survival ◽  
Objective Response ◽  
Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Sorafenib Treatment ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Y90 Radioembolization ◽  
Baseline Values ◽  
Post Hoc

Abstract Purpose To explore the potential correlation between baseline interleukin (IL) values and overall survival or objective response in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) receiving sorafenib. Methods A subset of patients with HCC undergoing sorafenib monotherapy within a prospective multicenter phase II trial (SORAMIC, sorafenib treatment alone vs. combined with Y90 radioembolization) underwent baseline IL-6 and IL-8 assessment before treatment initiation. In this exploratory post hoc analysis, the best cut-off points for baseline IL-6 and IL-8 values predicting overall survival (OS) were evaluated, as well as correlation with the objective response. Results Forty-seven patients (43 male) with a median OS of 13.8 months were analyzed. Cut-off values of 8.58 and 57.9 pg/mL most effectively predicted overall survival for IL-6 and IL-8, respectively. Patients with high IL-6 (HR, 4.1 [1.9–8.9], p < 0.001) and IL-8 (HR, 2.4 [1.2–4.7], p = 0.009) had significantly shorter overall survival than patients with low IL values. Multivariate analysis confirmed IL-6 (HR, 2.99 [1.22–7.3], p = 0.017) and IL-8 (HR, 2.19 [1.02–4.7], p = 0.044) as independent predictors of OS. Baseline IL-6 and IL-8 with respective cut-off values predicted objective response rates according to mRECIST in a subset of 42 patients with follow-up imaging available (IL-6, 46.6% vs. 19.2%, p = 0.007; IL-8, 50.0% vs. 17.4%, p = 0.011). Conclusion IL-6 and IL-8 baseline values predicted outcomes of sorafenib-treated patients in this well-characterized prospective cohort of the SORAMIC trial. We suggest that the respective cut-off values might serve for validation in larger cohorts, potentially offering guidance for improved patient selection.

scholarly journals Prospective cohort study of regenerative potential of non vital immature permanent maxillary central incisors using platelet rich fibrin scaffold

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Selvakumar Kritika ◽  
V. Sujatha ◽  
N. Srinivasan ◽  
Senthil Kumar Renganathan ◽  
Sekar Mahalaxmi
Keyword(s):  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Mineral Trioxide Aggregate ◽  
Permanent Teeth ◽  
Bonferroni Correction ◽  
Platelet Rich Fibrin ◽  
Triple Antibiotic Paste ◽  
Fibrin Scaffold ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Post Hoc

AbstractRegenerative endodontic procedures have gained momentum as a treatment modality of young immature permanent teeth. Literature reports reveal that platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) stimulates growth factors and induces regeneration. This study was undertaken to assess the regenerative potential of non-vital immature permanent maxillary central incisors using PRF with a follow-up for 2 yrs. 19 patients in the age group of 9–25 yrs with immature, non-vital permanent maxillary central incisors (n = 23) with/without signs and/or symptoms of periapical pathosis and open apex were included in this study. In the first appointment, access opening, canal disinfection and triple antibiotic paste placement were done. In the subsequent visit, PRF was prepared and placed inside the canal. Access was sealed with Mineral trioxide aggregate plug and composite. The patient was reviewed up to 24 mths. The mean difference was statistically analyzed using Friedman test followed by Dunn post hoc test and adjusted by Bonferroni correction (p < 0.05). As per AAE guidelines, the primary and secondary goals were achieved. A significant (p < 0.001) gradual increase in the root length, thickness of dentinal walls and decrease in apical diameter were observed. Within the limitations of this study, PRF placement was clinically and radiographically effective in inducing regeneration of non-vital immature permanent teeth.

scholarly journals Renal functional improvement after pediatric pyeloplasty in kidneys with split renal function less than 20%: a single institute experience

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsayed Salih ◽  
Ibrahim Abdelmaksoud ◽  
Mohamed Elfeky ◽  
Gamal Selmy ◽  
Hussein Galal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Functional Improvement ◽  
Renal Unit ◽  
Poor Renal Function ◽  
Split Renal Function ◽  
Renal Function Deterioration ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background Pediatric pyeloplasty in ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is indicated in renal impaired drainage or renal function deterioration. The improvement of renal function after pediatric pyeloplasty is still controversial in poorly functioning kidneys. Past studies on poorly functioning kidneys had a variable SRF specification, and these studies often had a limited number of patients so that they did not achieve statistical significance. The study aims to detect the renal functional improvement after pediatric Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasty (AHP) with split renal function (SRF) less than 20% (poor renal function). Results A retrospective study included 46 pediatric patients with unilateral UPJO who underwent open AHP with SRF < 20% on a renal isotope scan from August 2012 to October 2018. Success was defined based on either improvement in symptoms, improvement in drainage on postoperative renography, and/or improvement or stability in SRF on the renal scan done 6 months postoperatively and yearly thereafter. Deterioration of SRF by more than 5% was deemed to be deterioration. An increase in SRF of more than 5% was deemed to be an improvement. A total of 46 patients with a mean age of 32 months with poor renal function on isotope renogram (SRF < 20%) were included. All patients had an obstructive pattern on the preoperative radionuclide scans. The median preoperative SRF was 9.26%. The mean (range) follow-up was 30 months. The success rate was 91.3%. Three patients underwent redo pyeloplasty, whereas a secondary nephrectomy was necessary for one. The remaining (42) patients showed stability or improvement of SRF with no further symptoms. Renal scintigraphy at 6 and 12 months after surgery revealed significantly increased SRF compared to preoperative one. Conclusion Poorly functioning renal unit with SRF < 20% can show functional improvement and recoverability after pediatric pyeloplasty.

scholarly journals An educational intervention program on knowledge about oral hygiene measures

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-426
Author(s):  
Farzana Karim ◽  
Jahanara Begum
Keyword(s):  
Health Education ◽  
Educational Intervention ◽  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Hygiene Measures

Background: Health education is a process of transmission of knowledge and skills necessary for improvement in quality of life. Objectives: The purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to evaluate the oral hygiene related knowledge among the population in a selected community before and after health education. Materials and Methods: A total of 106 respondents were taken purposively at South Pirerbag of Dhaka city. Baseline data were collected by pre-tested structured questionnaire. An educational intervention program was conducted by dividing the respondents into seven groups, 15 in each group; method was group discussion and lecture; poster, model of teeth and brush were the aids. Post intervention data were collected by the same questionnaire. Results: Among the respondents, 61.32% were male and 38.68% were female, mean age was 46.25 years, 35.85% had primary level education, monthly family income was Tk 5000-10000 in 66.98%. Before intervention 64.15% told that teeth should be cleaned twice daily, 62.26% told teeth should be cleaned by brush and paste and 2.83% told teeth should be cleaned after breakfast and night; whereas after intervention the result was 91.51%, 85.85% and 67.93% respectively. Before intervention 66.98% stated that tobacco is hazardous to health but 32.4% have no idea about the type of diseases that occur due to tobacco; whereas after intervention 89.62% told that tobacco is hazardous to health and most of them had idea about harmful effect of tobacco. Conclusion: Educational intervention program is effective to improve the knowledge of the respondents about oral hygiene. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v13i4.20589 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.13(4) 2014 p.421-426

Long-term outcome of pallidal stimulation for Meige syndrome

2018 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiro Horisawa ◽  
Taku Ochiai ◽  
Shinichi Goto ◽  
Takeshi Nakajima ◽  
Nobuhiko Takeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Initial Symptom ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Meige Syndrome ◽  
Pallidal Stimulation ◽  
The Mean

OBJECTIVEMeige syndrome is characterized by blepharospasm and varied subphenotypes of craniocervical dystonia. Current literature on pallidal surgery for Meige syndrome is limited to case reports and a few small-scale studies. The authors investigated the clinical outcomes of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) in patients with Meige syndrome.METHODSSixteen patients who underwent GPi DBS at the Tokyo Women’s Medical University Hospital between 2002 and 2015 were included in this study. Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS) movement subscale (BFMDRS-M) scores (range 0–120) obtained at the following 3 time points were included in this analysis: before surgery, 3 months after surgery, and at the most recent follow-up evaluation.RESULTSThe patients’ mean age (± SD) at symptom onset was 46.7 ± 10.1 years, and the mean disease duration at the time of the authors’ initial evaluation was 5.9 ± 4.1 years. In 12 patients, the initial symptom was blepharospasm, and the other 4 patients presented with cervical dystonia. The mean postoperative follow-up period was 66.6 ± 40.7 months (range 13–150 months). The mean total BFMDRS-M scores at the 3 time points were 16.3 ± 5.5, 5.5 ± 5.6 (66.3% improvement, p < 0.001), and 6.7 ± 7.3 (58.9% improvement, p < 0.001).CONCLUSIONSThe results indicate long-term efficacy for GPi DBS for the majority of patients with Meige syndrome.

scholarly journals Cervical cancer risk in HPV‐positive women after a negative FAM19A4/mir124‐2 methylation test: A post hoc analysis in the POBASCAM trial with 14 year follow‐up

2018 ◽  
Vol 143 (6) ◽  
pp. 1541-1548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lise M.A. De Strooper ◽  
Johannes Berkhof ◽  
Renske D.M. Steenbergen ◽  
Birgit I. Lissenberg‐Witte ◽  
Peter J.F. Snijders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Cervical Cancer Risk ◽  
Post Hoc

Effects of Orthokeratology Lens On Axial Length Elongation in Myopia With Anisometropia Children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziyang Chen ◽  
Kai-Ming Chen ◽  
Ying Shi ◽  
Zhao-Da Ye ◽  
Sheng Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Axial Length ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Group 1

Abstract AimTo investigate the effect of orthokeratology (OK) lens on axial length (AL) elongation in myopia with anisometropia children.MethodsThirty-seven unilateral myopia (group 1) and fifty-nine bilateral myopia with anisometropia children were involved in this 1-year retrospective study. And bilateral myopia with anisometropia children were divided into group 2A (diopter of the lower SER eye under − 2.00D) and group 2B(diopter of the lower SER eye is equal or greater than − 2.00D). The change in AL were observed.The datas were analysed using SPSS 21.0.Results(1) In group 1, the mean baseline AL of the H eyes and L eye were 24.70 ± 0.89 mm and 23.55 ± 0.69 mm, respectively. In group 2A, the mean baseline AL of the H eyes and L eyes were 24.61 ± 0.84 mm and 24.00 ± 0.70 mm respectively. In group 2B, the mean baseline AL of the H eyes and L eyes were 25.28 ± 0.72 mm and 24.70 ± 0.74 mm. After 1 year, the change in AL of the L eyes was faster than the H eyes in group 1 and group 2A (all P<0.001).While the AL of the H eyes and L eyes had the same increased rate in group 2B. (2) The effect of controlling AL elongation of H eyes is consistent in three groups (P = 0.559).The effect of controlling AL elongation of L eyes in group 2B was better than that in group 1 and group 2A (P < 0.001). And the difference between group 1 and group 2A has no statistical significance. (3) The AL difference in H eyes and L eyes decreased from baseline 1.16 ± 0.55mm to 0.88 ± 0.68mm after 1 year in group 1.And in group 2A, the AL difference in H eyes and L eyes decreased from baseline 0.61 ± 0.34mm to 0.48 ± 0.28mm. There was statistically significant difference (all P<0.001). In group 2B, the baseline AL difference in H eyes and L eyes has no significant difference from that after 1 year (P = 0.069).ConclusionsMonocular OK lens is effective on suppression AL growth of the myopic eyes and reduce anisometropia value in unilateral myopic children. Binocular OK lenses only reduce anisometropia with the diopter of the low eye under − 2.00D. Binocular OK lenses cannot reduce anisometropia with the diopter of the low eye equal or greater than − 2.00D. Whether OK lens can reduce refractive anisometropia value is related to the spherical equivalent refractive of low refractive eye in bilateral myopia with anisometropia children after 1-year follow-up.

Resection and surgically targeted radiation therapy for locally recurrent GBM.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 2054-2054
Author(s):  
David Brachman ◽  
Peter Nakaji ◽  
Kris Smith ◽  
Theresa Thomas ◽  
Christopher Dardis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Local Control ◽  
Local Treatment ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Locally Recurrent ◽  
Targeted Radiation Therapy ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Recurrent Gbm

2054 Background: Recurrent GBM (rGBM) is a diffuse disease, and resection (R) alone does not provide durable local control (LC) or prolong overall survival (OS). Hypothesizing R plus immediate radiation (RT) may achieve durable LC and secondarily improve OS by permitting time for subsequent potentially effective but biologically slower treatments to have an impact, we prospectively evaluated R combined with a novel surgically targeted radiation therapy (STaRT) device utilizing Cs-131 embedded in bioresorbable collagen tiles. Methods: From 2/13-2/18 patients (pts) with locally recurrent GBM were treated on a prospective single arm trial (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT#03088579) of maximum safe resection and immediate RT (GammaTile, GT Medical Technologies, Tempe AZ). Upon resection the at-risk areas of the surgical bed were lined with the GammaTile (GT) device, delivering 60-80 Gy at 5 mm. Follow up treatments were not specified but captured; no pt. underwent additional local therapy without progression, and no pt. was lost to follow up. We present study specified endpoints of local control (LC), overall survival (OS), and adverse events (AE), and a post hoc, hypothesis-generating analysis of outcomes by receipt of systemic (Sys) therapy. Results: 28 locally recurrent GBM were treated, 20 at first progression (range 1-3). Median age was 58 years (yrs.) (range 21-80), KPS 80 (60-100), female: male ratio 10:18 (36/64%). MGMT was methylated in 11%, unmethylated in 18%, and unknown in 71%. For all pts., median OS was 10.7 months (mo.) (range.1-42.3), and radiographic LC was 8.8 mo. (range.01-34.5). LC (defined as < 15 mm from surgical bed) was maintained in 50% of pts., and no first failure was local. 12 mo. OS was 75% for pts. < 50 yrs. vs. 43% for > 50 yrs. (HR.46, p =.009). MGMT, KPS, and sex were non-predictive. After R+GT, 17 pts. received > 1 cycle of systemic therapy (Sys), either as adjuvant or salvage, alone or in combination . Sys was bevacizumab (BEV) in 15 pts., temozolomide (TMZ) in 12, and lomustine (CCNU) in 8 (N > 17 as some pts. received > 1 Sys). Post hoc analysis disclosed a 15.1 mo. OS for pts. receiving > 1 cycle of Sys (Sys+, N = 17) vs. 6.5 mo. for no Sys (Sys-, N = 11) (hazard ratio (HR).38, p =.017)). LC was 11.4 mo. for Sys+ and 2.1 mo. for Sys- (HR.44; p =.16)). Median OS (mo.) for BEV+ vs. BEV- was 16.7/4.5 (HR.38, p =.017), for TMZ+ vs. TMZ- 17.5/6.7 (HR.40, p =.025) and for CCNU+ vs. CCNU- 17.5/7.9 (HR.61, p =.25), respectively. Three attributed AE occurred, 1 dehiscence requiring surgery and 2 radiation brain effects, medically treated. 4 unrelated deaths occurred < 60 days post-op, all in the Sys- cohort, impacting their opportunity for subsequent treatment. Conclusions: In this study local treatment alone was insufficient to achieve prolonged OS. Post hoc analysis suggests R+GT coupled with Sys may have potential to impact OS in rGBM patients. GT was FDA cleared in 2020 for use in newly diagnosed malignant and all recurrent intracranial neoplasms. Clinical trial information: NCT#03088579.

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