scholarly journals Gene expression changes in the salivary glands of Anopheles coluzzii elicited by Plasmodium berghei infection

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Pinheiro-Silva ◽  
Lara Borges ◽  
Luís Pedro Coelho ◽  
Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz ◽  
James J. Valdés ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Anopheles Coluzzii

scholarly journals Transcriptional heterogeneity and tightly regulated changes in gene expression during Plasmodium berghei sporozoite development

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (10) ◽  
pp. e2023438118
Author(s):  
Haikel N. Bogale ◽  
Tales V. Pascini ◽  
Sachie Kanatani ◽  
Juliana M. Sá ◽  
Thomas E. Wellems ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Anatomical Site ◽  
Quiescent State

Despite the critical role of Plasmodium sporozoites in malaria transmission, we still know little about the mechanisms underlying their development in mosquitoes. Here, we use single-cell RNA sequencing to characterize the gene expression profiles of 16,038 Plasmodium berghei sporozoites isolated throughout their development from midgut oocysts to salivary glands, and from forced salivation experiments. Our results reveal a succession of tightly regulated changes in gene expression occurring during the maturation of sporozoites and highlight candidate genes that could play important roles in oocyst egress, sporozoite motility, and the mechanisms underlying the invasion of mosquito salivary glands and mammalian hepatocytes. In addition, the single-cell data reveal extensive transcriptional heterogeneity among parasites isolated from the same anatomical site, suggesting that Plasmodium development in mosquitoes is asynchronous and regulated by intrinsic as well as environmental factors. Finally, our analyses show a decrease in transcriptional activity preceding the translational repression observed in mature sporozoites and associated with their quiescent state in salivary glands, followed by a rapid reactivation of the transcriptional machinery immediately upon salivation.

Increased expression of interleukin-21-inducible genes in minor salivary glands are associated with primary Sjögren’s syndrome disease characteristics

Rheumatology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaomin Chen ◽  
Shan Jiang ◽  
Zihao Zhou ◽  
Xin Xu ◽  
Senhong Ying ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
T Cells ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Sjogren’S Syndrome ◽  
Sjogren's Syndrome ◽  
Minor Salivary Glands ◽  
Disease Characteristics ◽  
Inducible Genes ◽  
Sjögren‘S Syndrome

Abstract Objective To determine the upregulation of IL-21-inducible genes in minor salivary glands (MSGs) in 28 primary SS (pSS) patients and 12 non-pSS subjects and correlate it with disease characteristics. Methods RNA sequencing was utilized to compare IL-21-inducible genes expression in the MSGs between pSS and non-pSS subjects. The subgroups were characterized according to the IL-21 score calculated by seven IL-21-inducible genes. Furthermore, the disease characteristics and transcripts implicated in hypoxia and interferon signalling were assessed in two pSS subgroups. Results We observed that the expression of the IL-21-inducible genes (IL-21, IL-21R, JAK3, STAT1, HLA-B, CCR7 and CXCL10), the so-called IL-21 signature genes, was significantly increased in pSS patients. The upregulation of JAK3 expression may be induced by hypomethylation of the JAK3 promoter in pSS patients and putatively associated with POU2F2. The patients with increased IL-21 signature gene expression showed an increased EULAR Sjögren’s Syndrome Disease Activity Index score and increased enrichment of B cells, memory B cells, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, the IL-21 scores in the anti-SSA+, SSB+, ANA+ and high IgG samples were higher than those in the respective antibody-negative samples and normal IgG. In addition, we found both hypoxia and IFN-relevant genes showed strong correlation with IL-21 signature gene expression, indicating their interaction in pSS. Conclusion IL-21 signature gene was associated with typical disease characteristics in pSS, which provides insight into the contribution of the IL-21 signalling pathway to the pathogenesis of the disease and might provide a novel treatment strategy for this subtype of pSS.

scholarly journals A putative kinase-related protein (PKRP) from Plasmodium berghei mediates infection in the midgut and salivary glands of the mosquito

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 979-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa A. Purcell ◽  
Ricardo Leitao ◽  
Takeshi Ono ◽  
Stephanie K. Yanow ◽  
Gabriele Pradel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Related Protein

scholarly journals Effects of Local and Systemic Immune Challenges on the Expression of Selected Salivary Genes in the Malaria Mosquito Anopheles coluzzii

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1300
Author(s):  
Giulia Bevivino ◽  
Bruno Arcà ◽  
Fabrizio Lombardo
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Anopheles Coluzzii ◽  
Transcriptional Modulation ◽  
Immune Challenges

Salivary glands play a crucial tripartite role in mosquito physiology. First, they secrete factors that greatly facilitate both sugar and blood meal acquisition. Second, the transmission of pathogens (parasites, bacteria and viruses) to the vertebrate host requires both the recognition and invasion of the salivary glands. Third, they produce immune factors that both protect the organ from invading pathogens and are also able to exert their activity in the crop and the midgut when saliva is re-ingested during feeding. Studies on mosquito sialomes have revealed the presence of several female and/or male salivary gland-specific or enriched genes whose function is completely unknown so far. We focused our attention on these orphan genes, and we selected, according to sequence and structural features, a shortlist of 11 candidates with potential antimicrobial properties. Afterwards, using qPCR, we investigated their expression profile at 5 and 24 h after an infectious sugar meal (local challenge) or thoracic microinjection (systemic challenge) of Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, EC) or Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, SA) bacteria. We observed a general increase in the transcript abundance of our salivary candidates between 5 and 24 h after local challenge. Moreover, transcriptional modulation was determined by the nature of the stimulus, with salivary gland-enriched genes (especially hyp15 upon SA stimulus) upregulated shortly after the local challenge and later after the systemic challenge. Overall, this work provides one of the first contributions to the understanding of the immune role of mosquito salivary glands. Further characterization of salivary candidates whose expression is modulated by immune challenge may help in the identification of possible novel antimicrobial peptides.

scholarly journals Epigenetic regulation underlying Plasmodium berghei gene expression during its developmental transition from host to vector

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrin Witmer ◽  
Sabine AK Fraschka ◽  
Dina Vlachou ◽  
Richárd Bártfai ◽  
George K Christophides
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Epigenetic Regulation ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Start Codon ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Ribosomal Protein Genes

ABSTRACTEpigenetic regulation of gene expression is an important attribute in the survival and adaptation of the malaria parasite Plasmodium in its human host. Our understanding of epigenetic regulation of gene expression in Plasmodium developmental stages beyond asexual replication in the mammalian host is sparse. We used chromatin immune-precipitation (ChIP) and RNA sequencing to create an epigenetic and transcriptomic map of the murine parasite Plasmodium berghei development from asexual blood stages to male and female gametocytes, and finally, to ookinetes. We show that heterochromatin 1 (HP1) almost exclusively associates with variantly expressed gene families at subtelomeric regions and remains stable across stages and various parasite lines. Variant expression based on heterochromatic silencing is observed only in very few genes. In contrast, the active histone mark histone 3 Lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac) is found between heterochromatin boundaries and occurs as a sharp peak around the start codon for ribosomal protein genes. H3K9ac occupancy positively correlates with gene transcripts in asexual blood stages, male gametocytes and ookinetes. Interestingly, H3K9ac occupancy does not correlate with transcript abundance in female gametocytes. Finally, we identify novel DNA motifs upstream of ookinete-specific genes thought to be involved in transcriptional activation upon fertilization.

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