scholarly journals Dosimetric quantities and effective dose in medical imaging: a summary for medical doctors

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliseo Vano ◽  
Guy Frija ◽  
Reinhard Loose ◽  
Graciano Paulo ◽  
Efstathios Efstathopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Imaging ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Basic Information ◽  
Plain Language ◽  
Imaging Procedures ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
European Directive ◽  
Risks And Benefits ◽  
Radiation Risks ◽  
Radiological Procedures

AbstractThis review presents basic information on the dosimetric quantities used in medical imaging for reporting patient doses and establishing diagnostic reference levels. The proper use of the radiation protection quantity “effective dose” to compare doses delivered by different radiological procedures and different imaging modalities with its uncertainties and limitations, is summarised. The estimates of population doses required by the European Directive on Basic Safety Standards is commented on. Referrers and radiologists should be familiar with the dose quantities to inform patients about radiation risks and benefits. The application of effective dose on the cumulative doses from recurrent imaging procedures is also discussed. Patient summary: Basic information on the measurement units (dosimetric quantities) used in medical imaging for reporting radiation doses should be understandable to patients. The Working Group on “Dosimetry for imaging in clinical practice” recommended that a brief explanation on the used dosimetric quantities and units included in the examination imaging report, should be available for patients. The use of the quantity “effective dose” to compare doses to which patients are exposed to from different radiological procedures and its uncertainties and limitations, should also be explained in plain language. This is also relevant for the dialog on to the cumulative doses from recurrent imaging procedures. The paper summarises these concepts, including the need to estimate the population doses required by the European Directive on Basic Safety Standards. Referrers and radiologists should be familiar with the dose quantities to inform patients about radiation risks and benefits.

Justification of Remediation Criteria of Uranium Legacy Sites

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 54-57
Author(s):  
A. Titov ◽  
N. Shandala ◽  
Yu. Bel'skih ◽  
D. Isaev ◽  
M. Semenova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Radiation Safety ◽  
Annual Effective Dose ◽  
Uranium Mining ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
Reference Level ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Reference Levels ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Safety Standards

Purpose: To present approaches to establishing the criteria for remediation of sites contaminated due to past activities of uranium mining and milling facilities. These facilities are considered today as uranium legacy. Results: This paper presents the justified reference levels expressed in terms of annual effective dose values, which are recommended for using as remediation criteria for sites contaminated due to past activities of uranium mining and milling facilities (uranium legacy sites). Depending on further use of the sites after remediation, these criteria range from 1 µSv/year, in case of temporary presence of the population, to 10 µSv/year, in case of permanent residence of the population and conducting economic activities. Conclusions: In accordance with the international basic safety standards, accepted more than 10 years ago, exposure situations from radioactive material retained from previous activities refer to the existing exposure situation. Nevertheless, neither Federal Law “On Radiation Safety of the Population” nor Radiation Safety Standards have so far introduced terms “existing exposure situation” covering exposure at nuclear and uranium legacy sites and “reference level”, which is used to assure radiation safety of the population living at legacy sites or using these sites for the purpose of the economic activities.

How much is the effective dose from medical imaging in pediatric patients in the neurosurgery department?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Zeinali-Rafsanjani ◽  
S. Haseli ◽  
R. Jalli ◽  
M. Saeedi-Moghadam
Keyword(s):  
Medical Imaging ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Plain Radiographs ◽  
Brain Ct ◽  
Abdomen Ct

Medical imaging with ionizing radiation in pediatric patients is rising, and their radiation sensitivity is 2–3 times more than adults. The objective of this study was to estimate the total effective dose (ED) of all medical imaging by CT scan and plain radiography in patients in pediatric neurosurgery department. Patients with at least one brain CT scan and recorded dose length product (DLP) were included. Patients’ imaging data were collected from the picture-archiving-and-communicating system (PACS) using their national code to find all their medical imaging. Total ED (mSv) from CT scans and plain radiographs were calculated. A total of 300 patients were included, of which 129 were females and 171 males with a mean age of 5.45 ± 4.34 years. Mean DLPs of brain, abdomen, and chest CT were 329.16, 393.06, 284.46 mGy.cm. The most frequent CT scans in these children were brain CT scans with ED range of 0.09 to 47.09 mSv. Total ED due to all CT scans and plain radiographs were in the range of 0.38 to 63.41 mSv. Although the mean DLP of each brain, chest, and abdomen CT of patients was in the range of DRLs reported by previous studies, the patients with numerous CT scans received more radiation doses than mean ED (6.21 mSv between all age groups). The most frequent CT scan was the brain, and the most frequent plain radiographs were chest and lower extremities. It can be concluded that reducing the number of CT scans or plain radiographs by appropriate physical exams or replacing them with modalities that do not use ionizing radiation can reduce ED.

EFFECTIVE DOSE FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROCEDURES IN AN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

2020 ◽  
Vol 189 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-68
Author(s):  
Maryam Naseri ◽  
Mohammad Shahsavan ◽  
Faeze Salahshour ◽  
Soheil Peiman ◽  
Seyed Farshad Allameh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Final Diagnosis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Exposure Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Higher Ed ◽  
Radiological Procedures

Abstract The extent of radiation exposure in emergency settings is not well documented; here, the corresponding effective dose (ED) is provided. In 500 patients admitted in row to the emergency department, ED was compared in patients according to complaints and their visiting physicians. Out of all, 220 patients aged 43.5 ± 22.2 years (admission: 2.0 ± 1.6 days) had at least an imaging. The main reasons for admission were trauma (10.5%) and then orthopedic problems (8.6%). EDs from CT and radiography were 1.66 ± 3.59 and 0.71 ± 1.67 mSv, respectively (from all 2.29 ± 4.12). Patients with abdominal (5.8 ± 5.2 mSv; p < 0.002) and pelvic (12.0 ± 6.3 mSv; p < 0.007) complaints received higher ED from CT and radiography and, also, patients visited by surgeons (7.94 ± 6.9 mSv). CT scan was the main source for ED to patients. Irrespective of the final diagnosis, patients with abdominopelvic complaints and those visited by surgeons are at higher exposure risk.

EFFECTIVE DOSE AND RISK ESTIMATES IN ADULT PATIENTS FROM FOUR RADIOLOGICAL PROCEDURES EXTRAPOLATED OVER TWO POPULATIONS AT SOME SELECTED CENTERS IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 187 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-337
Author(s):  
F A Balogun ◽  
F O Adeyemi ◽  
B O Balogun ◽  
O O Oketayo ◽  
C J Olowookere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Percentage Mortality ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Lagos State ◽  
Effective Doses ◽  
Radiological Procedures ◽  
Probability Of Cancer ◽  
Weighted Probability ◽  
Two Populations

Abstract In this study, risk of exposure to adult patients in some common radiological procedures was estimated at selected diagnostic centers in Lagos State, Nigeria using estimated average effective doses. The results showed that pelvis lateral (LAT) examination with the lowest estimated mean effective dose level (2.61) recorded the highest probability of cancer incidence and mortality occurrences, while lumbar anteroposterior (AP) had the lowest (3.61). A high sum total of probability of fatal cancers and the total weighted probability of non-fatal cancer in a single exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation were recorded in pelvic procedure among others. Also, a high-percentage mortality increase of solid cancers was recorded in chest PA examination (53.7%), while the lowest was in lumbar spine radiography (with lumbar AP = 0.14%, lumbar LAT = 0.15%). The data obtained suggested the possibility of having higher percentage mortality and cancer-related incidence in the chest.

Radiation Safety Standards and Basic Health Rules for Radiation Safety: Proposal on the Development of New Versions

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
А. Симаков ◽  
A. Simakov ◽  
Ю. Абрамов ◽  
Yu. Abramov
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Radiation Safety ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Annual Effective Dose ◽  
Uranium Isotopes ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Solid Materials ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Basic Health ◽  
One Year

The objective of this work is to enhance national Radiation safety standards (NRB) and Basic Health Rules for Radiation Safety (OSPORB).  This article discusses proposals how to amend new versions of the fundamental regulatory documents – national NRB and OSPORB as regards the interpretation of the term “limit of the annual effective dose of manmade individual exposure” and the health physics limiting the content of artificial radionuclides in solid materials for their unrestricted use. In current Radiation Safety Standards, NRB-99/2009 (paragraph 3.1.5.), in contrast to the Federal Law of 09.01.1996 No 3-FZ “On the Public Radiation Protection” and provisions of draft International Basic Safety Standards, annual effective dose means gross effective dose of external and internal exposure, received for the calendar year. The article describes the situation where the doses of a conditional worker do not exceed the dose limits in a single calendar year, i.e. < 50 mSv, however, for any arbitrarily taken time interval equal to one year, the annual dose limit of 50 mSv is repeatedly exceeded. Therefore, the following amendment is proposed to be made in new version of the NRB: “Annual effective dose means the sum of the effective external dose received for any arbitrarily taken time interval equal to one year and the ambient effective internal dose due to the intake of radionuclides in the body over the same period”. In current Basic Health Rules for Radiation Safety, OSPORB 99/2010, Annex 3 “The Specific Activities of Artificial Radionuclides, at which Unrestricted Use of Materials is Permitted” does not include the uranium isotopes 234U, 235U and 238U; this contradicts paragraph 5.2.10 of OSPORB-99/2010, according to which these isotopes should be attributed to manmade radiation sources.  The article justifies the expediency of establishing the upper value of the specific activity of 1 Bq/g for the main uranium radionuclides in solid materials in case of their unlimited use. The supplement of Appendix 3 is proposed to the new version of the OSPORB with uranium isotopes 234U, 235U, 238U, setting the standard for their specific activity of 1 Bq/g in solid materials for unlimited use.

Radiation risks to lymphoma patients undergoing 18F-FDG studies

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e22024-e22024
Author(s):  
L. V. Hardin ◽  
J. Ravenel ◽  
L. Gordon ◽  
W. Huda ◽  
E. Mah
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Fdg Pet ◽  
Patient Age ◽  
Radiation Risks ◽  
Patient Âgé ◽  
18F Fdg ◽  
Risk Of Cancer ◽  
Administered Activity

e22024 Background: To investigate radiation risks to patients undergoing 18F-FDG studies that take into account patient age, sex, and weight. Methods: We obtained patient demographics and weights of 54 consecutive patients with lymphoma who each underwent a18F-FDG PET study. The administered activity was converted into an effective dose using the patient size dependent dosimetry data provided in ICRP Publication 80. Patient effective doses were converted into estimates of the lifetime attributable risk of cancer incidence and cancer mortality using age and sex dependent risk factors provided in BEIR VII. Results: The average patient age/weight in this study was 43 years/68 kg for males and 33 years/61 kg for females. Patient effective dose are proportional to patient weight(-0.784) (r2 >0.99). The average administered activity was 410 MBq, which resulted in an average effective dose of 8.5 mSv for males and 8.9 mSv for females. The average cancer incidence was 0.71/1,000 cases for males, and 1.27/1,000 cases for females, with cancer mortality being about half the incidence. Cancer rates for the youngest patients were an order of magnitude higher than those for the oldest patients. Conclusions: Average lifetime attributable cancer risks to lymphoma patients from a single FDG-PET study is approximately 1 per 1,000, but are strongly influenced by patient age, gender and weight. Cancer risk in younger patients is a magnitude of order greater. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

scholarly journals Use of Medical Imaging Procedures With Ionizing Radiation in Children

2011 ◽  
Vol 165 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam L. Dorfman ◽  
Reza Fazel ◽  
Andrew J. Einstein ◽  
Kimberly E. Applegate ◽  
Harlan M. Krumholz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Imaging ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Imaging Procedures
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