Effects of development interventions on pastoral livelihoods in Turkana County, Kenya

AbstractTurkana County has a long history of drought and development interventions and remains one of the poorest counties in Kenya. In Turkana, livelihoods are increasingly under threat because of climate change, conflict, and the changing land use and management. There are complex interactions between the multiple drivers of change in landscapes and livelihoods in the region. The question addressed here is: How have external development interventions contributed to the changing pastoralist livelihoods in Turkana? This study is specific to the lower part of the Turkwel River basin, particularly the Nanyee irrigated area in Turkwel, Loima sub-County of Turkana County. This article examines the external development interventions during the colonial, post-independence, and contemporary periods to reveal the ways that land use practices and livelihoods have changed across these periods. Land use practices are changing due to the growing human population, droughts, urbanization, and dispossession of grazing areas through state and donor-supported interventions. It is suggested in this article that the change from a system of customary, unrestricted grazing to one of enclosed pastures has threatened pastoral territories, as well as cultures and livelihoods over the past six decades. The new set of development interventions introduced by international and national actors have failed to support local livelihoods, instead joining the list of existing problems that undermine pastoralism, including drought, livestock diseases, and cattle rustling.

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Wells, Land, and History

The Oxford Handbook of Historical Ecology and Applied Archaeology ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199672691.013.10 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 322-344

Author(s):

Karl-Johan Lindholm

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Rural Development ◽

Historical Ecology ◽

Historical Analysis ◽

Sustainable Rural Development ◽

Local Livelihoods ◽

North Eastern ◽

History Of ◽

Communal Area

Historical ecology has resulted in an increased engagement by archaeologists in present-day discussions concerned with environmental change, local livelihoods, and sustainable rural development. This chapter discusses the pastoral land-use history of the Eastern Communal Area in north-eastern Namibia, southern Africa, and argues that the lack of a detailed historical analysis of the current land organization has resulted in a rather static image of people and land-use in this area. This in turn has fed into current rural development efforts, which seem to reinforce a colonial heritage. Hence, the main objective of the case study is to situate current discussions concerning rural development and conservation efforts in eastern Namibia in a historically rooted landscape. The chapter exemplifies how archaeology in combination with a landscape approach can contribute to a better understanding of the processes that have shaped the present setting of rural development efforts.

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PATRONES DEL PAISAJE Y ESCENARIOS DE RESTAURACIÓN EN COLOMBIA: ACERCANDO ESCALAS

Acta Biológica Colombiana ◽

10.15446/abc.v21n1supl.50848 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 21 (1Supl) ◽

pp. 229-239 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Dolors Armenteras ◽

Orlando Vargas

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Ecological Impacts ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Ecological Functions ◽

Complex Interactions ◽

Landscape Processes ◽

Toma De Decisiones ◽

Landscape Scales ◽

Natural Dynamics ◽

Land Use And Management

El paisaje, entendido como un mosaico heterogéneo, es una unidad donde interactúan ecosistemas, especies y el hombre con el uso que este último hace del mismo. El paisaje es el resultado de complejas interacciones, no solo producto de dinámicas naturales sino del balance de la oferta y la demanda de la sociedad ante la preferencia por los recursos que este ofrece. Este equilibrio causa impactos ecológicos sobre los ecosistemas y la diversidad de organismos que ocupan los paisajes. El uso y manejo del territorio aumenta la heterogeneidad espacial, en muchos casos a través de la pérdida y fragmentación de hábitat. Estos procesos traen alteraciones sobre el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas, afectando funciones y procesos ecológicos que dependen del flujo de energía y materiales a través de paisajes. El objetivo de este trabajo es avanzar en la comprensión de los orígenes de la heterogeneidad resultante de estas dinámicas, para mitigar sus efectos y entender cómo planificar y manejar los paisajes. Restaurar, rehabilitar y recuperar ecosistemas son estrategias para asegurar la conservación, sostenibilidad y en algunos casos la recuperación de servicios ecosistémicos. En ocasiones las escalas de paisaje y aquellas a las cuales se realizan actividades de restauración se encuentran alejadas en la práctica. Este artículo presenta una revisión de conceptos claves en ecología del paisaje y de restauración, acercando escalas intrínsecas de los fenómenos y de toma de decisiones para el desarrollo de escenarios de manejo y restauración en Colombia. AbstractThe landscape, understood as a heterogeneous mosaic is a unit where ecosystems, species and man’s land use interact. It is the result of complex interactions, not only as a result of natural dynamics but also the balance created between the supply and the demand of society driven by the preference for certain resources. This balance causes ecological impacts both on ecosystems and the diversity of organisms that occupy the landscape. Land use and management tend to increase the spatial heterogeneity in many cases through landscape processes such as the habitat loss and fragmentation. These processes bring alterations in the functioning of ecosystems, affecting the ecological functions and those processes that depend on the flow of energy and materials through landscapes. The objective of this paper is to advance in the understanding of the origins of such heterogeneity in order to mitigate its negative effects and to better plan and manage landscapes. All restore, rehabilitate and ecosystems recovery, are strategies toensure the conservation, sustainability, and in some cases recovery of ecosystem services. Often landscape scales and those to whichrestoration activities are carried away are very distant in practice. This article presents a reflection carried out within the frameworkof the Chair Mutis 2015, it presents an overview of the key concepts in landscape ecology and restoration and an attempt to bridgeintrinsic and decision making scales to advance in the development of restoration scenarios in Colombia starting from the landscape scale but integrating local knowledge and actions.

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Assessing the C stocks in various land use practices: A case study from sub-humid tropics of Eastern India

Proceedings of International Forestry and Environment Symposium ◽

10.31357/fesympo.v16i0.105 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 16 (0) ◽

Author(s):

S.L. Swamy ◽

A.M. Swamy

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Humid Tropics ◽

Eastern India ◽

C Stocks ◽

Land Use Practices

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Malaria risk and temperature: influences from global climate change and local land use practices.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1001629.374762 ◽

2006 ◽

Author(s):

Albert van Jaarsveld

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Land Use ◽

Global Climate Change ◽

Global Climate ◽

Malaria Risk ◽

Land Use Practices

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LESSONS LEARNED FROM TRANSGRESSIVE PALEOZOIC SANDSTONES AND MODERN MID-ATLANTIC BARRIER ISLANDS, CHINCOTEAGUE BAY REGION, VIRGINIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR LAND USE AND MANAGEMENT PLANNING IN THE FACE OF SEA-LEVEL RISE

10.1130/abs/2020se-345452 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sean R. Cornell ◽

◽

Adrienne Oakley ◽

Christopher Bochicchio

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Sea Level Rise ◽

Sea Level ◽

Barrier Islands ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Management Planning ◽

The Face ◽

Land Use And Management ◽

Chincoteague Bay

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Accelerating Change

10.1093/oso/9780190865177.003.0005 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Erin Stewart Mauldin

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

African Americans ◽

Labor Relations ◽

Cotton Production ◽

Economic Independence ◽

Contract Negotiations ◽

Reduced Frequency ◽

Ecological Event ◽

Land Use Practices ◽

Ecological Regime

Emancipation proved to be a far-reaching ecological event. Whereas the ecological regime of slavery had reinforced extensive land-use practices, the end of slavery weakened them. Freedpeople dedicated less time to erosion control and ditching and used contract negotiations and sharecropping arrangements to avoid working in a centrally directed gang. Understandably, freedpeople preferred to direct their own labor on an individual plot of land. The eventual proliferation of share-based or tenant contracts encouraged the physical reorganization of plantations. The combination of these two progressive alterations to labor relations tragically undermined African Americans’ efforts to achieve economic independence by tightening natural limits on cotton production and reducing blacks’ access to the South’s internal provisioning economy. The cessation, or even reduced frequency, of land maintenance on farms exacerbated erosion, flooding, and crops’ susceptibility to drought.

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Deferring Crisis

10.1093/oso/9780190865177.003.0002 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Erin Stewart Mauldin

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Environmental Impacts ◽

Shifting Cultivation ◽

Crop Production ◽

Animal Husbandry ◽

Antebellum South ◽

Westward Expansion ◽

The Cost ◽

Land Use Practices ◽

Ecological Regime

This chapter explores the ecological regime of slavery and the land-use practices employed by farmers across the antebellum South. Despite the diverse ecologies and crop regimes of the region, most southern farmers employed a set of extensive agricultural techniques that kept the cost of farming down and helped circumvent natural limits on crop production and stock-raising. The use of shifting cultivation, free-range animal husbandry, and slaves to perform erosion control masked the environmental impacts of farmers’ actions, at least temporarily. Debates over westward expansion during the sectional crisis of the 1850s were not just about the extension of slavery, they also reflected practical concerns regarding access to new lands and fresh soil. Both were necessary for the continued profitability of farming in the South.

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Food security among dryland pastoralists and agropastoralists: The climate, land-use change, and population dynamics nexus

The Anthropocene Review ◽

10.1177/20530196211007512 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 205301962110075

Author(s):

Ilan Stavi ◽

Joana Roque de Pinho ◽

Anastasia K Paschalidou ◽

Susana B Adamo ◽

Kathleen Galvin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Food Security ◽

Management Practices ◽

Relevant Literature ◽

Global Changes ◽

Food Utilization ◽

Special Importance ◽

Food Security Status ◽

Global Action ◽

Land Use And Management

During the last decades, pastoralist, and agropastoralist populations of the world’s drylands have become exceedingly vulnerable to regional and global changes. Specifically, exacerbated stressors imposed on these populations have adversely affected their food security status, causing humanitarian emergencies and catastrophes. Of these stressors, climate variability and change, land-use and management practices, and dynamics of human demography are of a special importance. These factors affect all four pillars of food security, namely, food availability, access to food, food utilization, and food stability. The objective of this study was to critically review relevant literature to assess the complex web of interrelations and feedbacks that affect these factors. The increasing pressures on the world’s drylands necessitate a comprehensive analysis to advise policy makers regarding the complexity and linkages among factors, and to improve global action. The acquired insights may be the basis for alleviating food insecurity of vulnerable dryland populations.

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