scholarly journals The effect of carnosine or β-alanine supplementation on markers of glycaemic control and insulin resistance in human and animal studies: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph J. Matthews ◽  
Eimear Dolan ◽  
Paul A. Swinton ◽  
Livia Santos ◽  
Guilherme G. Artioli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Glycaemic Control ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Study Results

Abstract Background Diabetes is a major public health issue and there is a need to develop low-cost, novel interventions to prevent or reduce disease progression. Growing evidence shows that supplementation with carnosine, or its rate-limiting precursor β-alanine, can ameliorate aspects of the metabolic dysregulation that occurs in diabetes. There is, however, a need to develop a better understanding of the magnitude of effect and the factors associated with positive outcomes. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate the effect of carnosine or β-alanine supplementation on markers of glycaemic control and insulin resistance in humans and animals. Methods We will perform a systematic search for randomised and non-randomised controlled trials. Studies will be retrieved by searching electronic databases, clinical trial registers, author review, and cross-referencing. Primary outcomes include changes in (i) fasting glucose, (ii) glycated haemoglobin, and (iii) 2-h glucose following a glucose tolerance test. A set of additional outcomes includes other markers of glycaemic control and insulin resistance. Risk of bias (RoB) will be assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool (human studies) and the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) RoB tool (animal studies). Confidence in the cumulative evidence will be assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. All meta-analyses will be conducted within a Bayesian framework, providing a flexible modelling approach to account for uncertainty in model parameters and underlying structures within the data. Discussion By including all available human and animal data, we will provide the most comprehensive overview on the topic to date. The results will have implications for those working in prediabetes, diabetes, and metabolic health in general and may lead to the development of new treatment approaches. Dissemination Study results will be presented at a professional conference and published in a peer-reviewed journal. Systematic review registration CRD42020191588

scholarly journals Effectiveness of hand hygiene interventions in reducing illness absence among children in educational settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micky Willmott ◽  
Alexandra Nicholson ◽  
Heide Busse ◽  
Georgina J MacArthur ◽  
Sara Brookes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Educational Settings ◽  
Infection Incidence ◽  
Child Day Care ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Gi Infections ◽  
Randomised Controlled

ObjectiveTo undertake a systematic review and meta-analysis to establish the effectiveness of handwashing in reducing absence and/or the spread of respiratory tract (RT) and/or gastrointestinal (GI) infection among school-aged children and/or staff in educational settings.DesignRandomised-controlled trials (RCTs).SettingSchools and other settings with a formal educational component in any country.PatientsChildren aged 3–11 years, and/or staff working with them.InterventionInterventions with a hand hygiene component.Main outcome measuresIncidence of RT or GI infections or symptoms related to such infections; absenteeism; laboratory results of RT and/or GI infections.ResultsEighteen cluster RCTs were identified; 13 school-based, 5 in child day care facilities or preschools. Studies were heterogeneous and had significant quality issues including small numbers of clusters and participants and inadequate randomisation. Individual study results suggest interventions may reduce children's absence, RT infection incidence and symptoms, and laboratory confirmed influenza-like illness. Evidence of impact on GI infection or symptoms was equivocal.ConclusionsStudies are generally not well executed or reported. Despite updating existing systematic reviews and identifying new studies, evidence of the effect of hand hygiene interventions on infection incidence in educational settings is mostly equivocal but they may decrease RT infection among children. These results update and add to knowledge about this crucial public health issue in key settings with a vulnerable population. More robust, well reported cluster RCTs which learn from existing studies, are required.

scholarly journals Accumulated or continuous exercise for glycaemic regulation and control: a systematic review with meta-analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. e000470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Shambrook ◽  
Michael Kingsley ◽  
Nicholas Taylor ◽  
Brett Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Glycaemic Control ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Glycated Haemoglobin ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Single Bout

ObjectiveTo compare the effectiveness of accumulating exercise in multiple bouts of at least 10 min throughout a day with exercise completed in a single bout (continuous or interval), or no exercise, on glycaemic control and regulation in inactive people without diagnosed glycaemic dysfunction.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesSeven electronic databases were searched: CINAHL (EBSCO), Cochrane Library, EMBASE (Ovid), MEDLINE 1948-(Ovid), SCOPUS (Elsevier), SPORTDiscus (EBSCO) and Web of Science (ISI) with no restrictions on date and included all titles indexed up to February 2018.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesArticles reporting insufficiently active adults (19 to 64 years) without metabolic dysfunction, measuring glycaemic control or regulation following at least 6 weeks of aerobic exercise.ResultsOnly one study compared accumulated exercise to single-bout exercise with no significant effect on fasting glucose (95% CI: −0.04 to 0.24 mmol·L-1) or fasting insulin (95% CI: −1.79 to 9.85 pmol·L-1) reported 48 hours after the final bout. No studies compared accumulated exercise with no-exercise. Compared with no-exercise, single-bout exercise reduces insulin resistance (mean difference (MD): −0.53 pmol·L-1; 95% CI: −0.93 to −0.13). Insulin resistance was clearly reduced with moderate-intensity (−0.68 (−1.28 to −0.09)) but not with high-intensity (−0.38 (−1.20 to 0.44)) exercise. Single-bout exercise was not statistically more beneficial than no-exercise for glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) (MD: −0.11 %; 95% CI: −0.24 to 0.02) in metabolically healthy individuals.Summary/conclusionThe glycaemic response to accumulated exercise or single-bout exercise might not be different, however exercise intensity might influence the mechanisms generating the response.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42015025042.

Growth changes after inhalant abuse and toluene exposure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of human and animal studies

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Crossin ◽  
AJ Lawrence ◽  
ZB Andrews ◽  
L Churilov ◽  
JR Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Inhalant Abuse ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Toluene Exposure

Inhalant abuse is a significant public health issue, particularly for adolescents, the predominant group of inhalant users. Adolescence is a critical growth period, and inhalant abuse has been associated with growth impairments, including reduced body weight and height. However, the extent to which inhalant abuse affects growth remains unquantified, and potential moderators remain unknown. To address this knowledge gap, a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical human and preclinical animal studies utilizing toluene exposure (the primary solvent in abused products) was conducted. Five-hundred and sixty-nine studies were screened; 31 met inclusion criteria, yielding 64 toluene-control comparisons for body weight and 6 comparisons for height. Toluene exposure was negatively associated with body weight ( d = −0.73) and height ( d = −0.69). Concentration of inhaled toluene, but not duration, moderated the effect of toluene exposure on body weight, with more severe impairments at higher concentrations. Differences in effect size for body weight were observed for study characteristic subgroups including sex, age at first exposure, administration route and species. However, these findings should be interpreted cautiously due to low study numbers. Growth impairments, particularly during adolescence, can cause long-term health consequences. These effects on growth are therefore an important clinical outcome for individuals with a history of inhalant abuse.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial transplantation therapy for ischemia reperfusion injury: a systematic review of animal and human studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kei Hayashida ◽  
Ryosuke Takegawa ◽  
Muhammad Shoaib ◽  
Tomoaki Aoki ◽  
Rishabh C. Choudhary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Myocardial Dysfunction ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Human Studies ◽  
Cochrane Library

Abstract Background Mitochondria are essential organelles that provide energy for cellular functions, participate in cellular signaling and growth, and facilitate cell death. Based on their multifactorial roles, mitochondria are also critical in the progression of critical illnesses. Transplantation of mitochondria has been reported as a potential promising approach to treat critical illnesses, particularly ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). However, a systematic review of the relevant literature has not been conducted to date. Here, we systematically reviewed the animal and human studies relevant to IRI to summarize the evidence for mitochondrial transplantation. Methods We searched MEDLINE, the Cochrane library, and Embase and performed a systematic review of mitochondrial transplantation for IRI in both preclinical and clinical studies. We developed a search strategy using a combination of keywords and Medical Subject Heading/Emtree terms. Studies including cell-mediated transfer of mitochondria as a transfer method were excluded. Data were extracted to a tailored template, and data synthesis was descriptive because the data were not suitable for meta-analysis. Results Overall, we identified 20 animal studies and two human studies. Among animal studies, 14 (70%) studies focused on either brain or heart IRI. Both autograft and allograft mitochondrial transplantation were used in 17 (85%) animal studies. The designs of the animal studies were heterogeneous in terms of the route of administration, timing of transplantation, and dosage used. Twelve (60%) studies were performed in a blinded manner. All animal studies reported that mitochondrial transplantation markedly mitigated IRI in the target tissues, but there was variation in biological biomarkers and pathological changes. The human studies were conducted with a single-arm, unblinded design, in which autologous mitochondrial transplantation was applied to pediatric patients who required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for IRI–associated myocardial dysfunction after cardiac surgery. Conclusion The evidence gathered from our systematic review supports the potential beneficial effects of mitochondrial transplantation after IRI, but its clinical translation remains limited. Further investigations are thus required to explore the mechanisms of action and patient outcomes in critical settings after mitochondrial transplantation. Systematic review registration The study was registered at UMIN under the registration number UMIN000043347.

scholarly journals Association between insulin resistance and post-ischaemic stroke outcome in patients without diabetes: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. e044771
Author(s):  
Jeremiah Hadwen ◽  
Woojin Kim ◽  
Brian Dewar ◽  
Tim Ramsay ◽  
Alexandra Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Ischaemic Stroke ◽  
Functional Outcome ◽  
Recurrent Stroke ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Stroke Outcome ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Meta Analyses

IntroductionInsulin resistance is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease and ischaemic stroke. Currently, insulin resistance is not usually included in post-stroke risk stratification. This systematic review and meta-analysis intends to determine if available scientific knowledge supports an association between insulin resistance and post-stroke outcomes in patients without diabetes.Methods and analysisThe authors will conduct a literature search in Medline, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Central. The review will include studies that assess the association between elevated insulin homeostasis model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and post-stroke outcome (functional outcome and recurrent stroke). The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines will be used. The primary outcome will be post-stroke functional outcome (Modified Rankin Scale), and the secondary outcome will be recurrent ischaemic stroke. Comparison of outcome will be made between highest and lowest HOMA-IR range (as defined in each article included in this systematic review). Risk of bias will be assessed qualitatively. Meta-analysis will be performed if sufficient homogeneity exists between studies. Heterogeneity of outcomes will be assessed by I².Ethics and disseminationNo human or animal subjects or samples were/will be used. The results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal, and will be disseminated at local and international neurology conferences.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020173608.

Role of Metformin in the Treatment of Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Insulin Resistance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Thyroid ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaowei He ◽  
Dan Wu ◽  
Cuining Hu ◽  
Ting Xu ◽  
Yuanxin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Meta Analysis
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