Health professional’s job satisfaction and its determinants in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Background Health professional’s job satisfaction is directly related to patient satisfaction and quality of care. Without satisfied health professionals the health system is not functional, and the national and global health related plans are not achieved. However, little is known on the level of health professional’s job satisfaction in sub Saharan African countries including Ethiopia. In addition, in Ethiopia there is no summarized evidence helped us an input to design strategies. Therefore, we aimed to assess the pooled prevalence of health professional’s job satisfaction and its determinants in Ethiopia. Methods Articles were searched from PubMed, PsycINFO, Hinari, Science Direct, web of science and African journal of online (AJOL) databases, Google and Google scholar. A standardized Microsoft excel spread sheet and STATA software version 16 were used for data extraction and analysis respectively. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis to write this report. A random effect meta-analysis model was used to determine the pooled prevalence of job satisfaction. I2 was done to check heterogeneity. Egger’s test and funnel plot were conducted to detect publication bias. Subgroup analysis was also conducted. Association was expressed through pooled odd ratio with a 95% CI. Result In this review and meta-analysis, a total of 29 studies were included. The pooled prevalence of health professional’s job satisfaction was 46.17% [95% CI (43.08, 49.26)]. The heterogeneity and publication bias test results were I2 = 87.3%, P < 0.001 and Eggers’, P = 0.16. Female sex; OR: 2.20 [95% CI (1.63, 2.97)], working environment; OR: 9.50 [95% CI (6.25, 14.44)], opportunity for professional growth and development; OR: 5.53 [95% CI (1.56, 19.56)], staff relationship; OR: 3.89 [95% CI (1.65, 9.17)] and supportive supervision; OR: 5.32 [95% CI (1.77, 15.92)] were associated with health professional’s job satisfaction. Conclusion More than half of professionals were dissatisfied with their jobs. Therefore, the ministry of health and stakeholders better to design strategies to increase the level of satisfaction. Furthermore, it is better to strengthen staff relationship and making the working environment more attractive and equipped.

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Health Professionals Job Satisfaction and Associated Factors in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Health Services Research and Managerial Epidemiology ◽

10.1177/23333928211046484 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. 233339282110464

Author(s):

Zelalem Tenaw ◽

Melese Siyoum ◽

Berhan Tsegaye ◽

Tehsale Biku Werba ◽

Zebenay Workneh Bitew

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Job Satisfaction ◽

Health Professionals ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Health Care Service ◽

Random Effect ◽

Random Effect Model ◽

Working Environment ◽

Pooled Prevalence

Background Health professionals’ job satisfaction is crucial for health professionals' life which determines health care service quality. This study aimed to estimate pooled prevalence of job satisfaction of health professionals and associated factors in Ethiopia. Methods Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) was followed to prepare this study. Studies were searched from PubMed (EBSCOhost), Directory of open access journals (DOAJ), Global health, African Index Medicus, IRIS (WHO digital publication), African Journals Online (AJOL), Google Scholar, and Google. Random-effect model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of job satisfaction and associated factors. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 test statistics. Publication bias was checked using funnel plot, Egger's regression test, and sensitivity analysis. Result The pooled prevalence of health professionals’ job satisfaction was computed from 35 studies, and it was 46.68% (95%, confidence interval (CI): 41.82, 51.54, I2 = 95.8%). Specifically, job satisfaction was 57.56%, 48.80%, 48.57%, 48.48%, 44.56%, 39.20%, and 16.5% among pharmacy professionals, health officers, midwives, nurses, anesthetists, physicians, and health extension workers, respectively. Secured working environment (pooled odds ratio [POR] = 6.50, 95% CI: 3.41-9.58), coworkers relationship (POR = 5.14, 95% CI: 1.27, 9.02), good relationship with supervisors (POR = 5.86, 95% CI: 2.56-9.16) and having bachelor's degree (POR = 2.52, 95% CI: 1.31, 3.72) were significantly associated with job satisfaction. Conclusion Job satisfaction among Ethiopian health professionals is considerably low. Secured working environment, positive relationships among staff, and having a bachelor's enhanced the job satisfaction. Designing strategies to improve safety in the work environment and improved communication among workers could improve job satisfaction.

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A systematic review and meta-analysis reveal that Campylobacter spp. and antibiotic resistance are widespread in humans in sub-Saharan Africa

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0245951 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. e0245951

Author(s):

Delfina F. Hlashwayo ◽

Betuel Sigaúque ◽

Emília V. Noormahomed ◽

Sónia M. S. Afonso ◽

Inácio M. Mandomando ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Random Effect ◽

Research Priorities ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

African Countries ◽

Pooled Prevalence ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

The Impact

Introduction Campylobacter spp. are zoonotic bacteria that cause gastroenteritis in humans worldwide, whose main symptom is diarrhea. In certain cases, extra intestinal manifestations may occur, such as Guillain Barré syndrome. The bacteria cause severe diarrhea mostly in children and in immunocompromised individuals. This review aims to address the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in humans in sub-Saharan Africa. It also aims to understand the impact of HIV in the prevalence, as well as to report data on antibiotic resistance and propose research priorities. Methods We followed PRISMA guidelines to find studies on the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in humans in all countries from sub-Saharan Africa. Studies published between 2000 and 2020 were searched in PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, African Index Medicus, African Journals Online, Google Scholar and Science Direct. We have conducted a random-effect meta-analysis and calculated the proportion of resistant isolates to different antibiotics. Results and discussion We found 77 studies that described such occurrence in humans in 20 out of 53 sub-Saharan African countries. Campylobacter jejuni was the most prevalent species. Pooled prevalence was 9.9% (CI: 8.4%–11.6%). No major variations within the different sub-regions were found. Most studies reported Campylobacter spp. as the cause of diarrhea, mainly in children. Some studies reported the bacteria as a possible etiologic agent of acute flaccid paralysis and urinary tract infection. Campylobacter spp. presented a higher pooled prevalence in HIV infected patients, although not statistically significant. High proportions of resistant strains were reported for many antibiotics, including erythromycin and tetracycline. Conclusion Campylobacter spp. occur in sub-Saharan Africa, although information is scarce or inexistent for many countries. Research priorities should include investigation of the understudied species; extra intestinal manifestations; the impact of HIV infection and associated risk factors. Control strategies should be reinforced to contain the spread of this pathogen and drug resistance.

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Association of human papilloma Virus infection other than cervical cancer: Systematic Review and Meta Analysis

SINET Ethiopian Journal of Science ◽

10.4314/sinet.v44i1.11 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 119-128

Author(s):

Habtamu Molla ◽

Habtamu Temesgen ◽

Dereje Beyene

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Cervical Cancer ◽

Human Papilloma Virus ◽

Publication Bias ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Random Effect ◽

Random Effect Model ◽

Hpv Infection ◽

Papilloma Virus ◽

Pooled Prevalence

Human Papilloma Virus (hpv) infection causes different cancer diseases. Cervical cancer is the most common hpv related disease. hpv infection also causes cancer of anus, vulva, vagina, penis, skin, bladder, prostate, breast, oral and others because the hpv virus is epithelium-tropic. But the association of hpv infection other than cervical cancer, for example breast cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer etc is still inconclusive. Thus, the objective of this review was to collect published information on hpv infection other than cervix to explore the pooled prevalence of hpv infection as well as related types of cancers. Publish research articles of hpv infection and cancer risks other than cervical cancer were systematically searched through Internet. The preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis guidelines were followed. Joanna Brigg’s Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument (jbi-mastari) adapted for cross sectional/case control study design was used for quality assessment of each individual study. A total of 22 studies were extracted and analyzed using stata 14. The random effect model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence; whereas subgroup analysis and meta-regression was performed to identify the probable source of heterogeneity. Both Egger’s and Begg’s tests were used to check publication bias. The totals of 486 studies were retrieved and 22 studies were included in this meta- analysis. The meta-analysis result showed that the pooled prevalence of hpv infection other than cervix was 34.36% (95% CI: 23.75, 44.97) with severe heterogeneity (I2 = 99.5%; p<0.001) with no publication bias. The highest pooled prevalence of hpv infection other than cervix was related to genital cancer which is 58.63% (95% CI: 51.86, 65.39), followed by oral cancer (47.15% with 95% CI: 19.67, 74.63). Although cervical cancer is primarily hpv induced cancer which well articulated with so many researches, other cancer types (based on the location of the hpv infection) are also increasing across the world based on this systematic and meta-analysis study. hpv infection increases the risk of developing cancers other than cervical cancer.

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Job satisfaction among Ethiopian nurses: a systematic review

Frontiers of Nursing ◽

10.2478/fon-2021-0009 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 75-82

Author(s):

Abera Areri Habtamu ◽

Alebel Animut ◽

Deribe Luel

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Job Satisfaction ◽

Improve Patient Safety ◽

Random Effect ◽

Random Effect Model ◽

Working Environment ◽

Pooled Prevalence ◽

Meta Analyses ◽

Training Opportunities ◽

And Training

Abstract Objective Job satisfaction is a positive emotional feeling in the working environment, and it is an essential tool with which to improve patient safety, nurses’ efficiency and performance, quality of care, retention and turnover of nurses, and commitment to the organization and the profession. There are few studies on job satisfaction of nurses in the country. Therefore, this review aims to estimate the pooled prevalence of job satisfaction among Ethiopian nurses using the available studies. Methods This systematic review used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline to synthesize the evidence on the prevalence and associated factors of nurses’ job satisfaction. Databases used for searching the included articles from PubMed, Embase, CINHAL, Google Scholar, HINARI, and ScienceDirect. All papers selected for inclusion were subjected to a rigorous appraisal using a standardized critical appraisal checklist (JBI checklist). STATA software (version 11) was used for the analysis, and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. The Cochrane Q test statistics and I2 tests were used to assess the heterogeneity prevailing between the studies. Finally, a random effect model was computed to estimate the pooled prevalence of nurses’ job satisfaction in the country. Results In this review, the data of 1,151 nurses were obtained from six studies. The pooled prevalence of nurses’ job satisfaction was found to be 39.53% (24.52, 54.53). The prevalence of job satisfaction in the Central part of Ethiopia was low: 31.12% (95% CI 5.25, 56.99) compared to the South-Eastern part of Ethiopia’s 48.01% (95% CI 36.51, 59.52). The most common predictors identified were salary (P < 0.05), the leadership of the organization (P < 0.05), and training opportunities (P < 0.05). Conclusions The pooled prevalence of job satisfaction among nurses was found to be low in comparison with global data. The significant predictors for nurses’ job satisfaction are based on the review findings, salary, leadership of organization, and training opportunities.

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Prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium in Snail Intermediate Hosts in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Journal of Tropical Medicine ◽

10.1155/2020/8850840 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-18

Author(s):

Tamirat Hailegebriel ◽

Endalkachew Nibret ◽

Abaineh Munshea

Keyword(s):

Schistosoma Mansoni ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Random Effect ◽

Random Effect Model ◽

Freshwater Snails ◽

Intermediate Hosts ◽

African Countries ◽

Biomphalaria Pfeifferi ◽

Pooled Prevalence

Background. Schistosomiasis is caused by Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium in Africa. These schistosome parasites use freshwater snail intermediate hosts to complete their lifecycle. Varied prevalence rates of these parasites in the snail intermediate hosts were reported from several African countries, but there were no summarized data for policymakers. Therefore, this study was aimed to systematically summarize the prevalence and geographical distribution of S. mansoni and S. haematobium among freshwater snails in Africa. Methods. Literature search was carried out from PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus which reported the prevalence of S. mansoni and S. haematobium among freshwater snails in Africa. The pooled prevalence was determined using a random-effect model, while heterogeneities between studies were evaluated by I2 test. The meta-analyses were conducted using Stata software, metan command. Results. A total of 273,643 snails were examined for the presence of S. mansoni and S. haematobium cercaria in the eligible studies. The pooled prevalence of schistosome cercaria among freshwater snails was 5.5% (95% CI: 4.9–6.1%). The pooled prevalence of S. mansoni and S. haematobium cercaria was 5.6% (95% CI: 4.9–6.3%) and 5.2% (95% CI: 4.6–5.7%), respectively. The highest pooled prevalence was observed from Nigeria (19.0%; 95% CI: 12.7–25.3%), while the lowest prevalence was reported from Chad (0.05%; 95% CI: 0.03–0.13). Higher prevalence of schistosome cercaria was observed from Bulinus globosus (12.3%; 95% CI: 6.2–18.3%) followed by Biomphalaria sudanica (6.7%; 95% CI: 4.5–9.0%) and Biomphalaria pfeifferi (5.1%; 95% CI: 4.1–6.2%). The pooled prevalence of schistosome cercaria obtained using PCR was 26.7% in contrast to 4.5% obtained by shedding cercariae. Conclusion. This study revealed that nearly 6% of freshwater snails in Africa were infected by either S. haematobium or S. mansoni. The high prevalence of schistosomes among freshwater snails highlights the importance of appropriate snail control strategies in Africa.

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Occupational stress and associated factors among health care professionals in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-10579-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Bekahegn Girma ◽

Jemberu Nigussie ◽

Alemayehu Molla ◽

Moges Mareg

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Occupational Stress ◽

Publication Bias ◽

Health Care Professionals ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Random Effect ◽

Well Being ◽

Inconsistent Result ◽

Pooled Prevalence

Abstract Background Occupational stress is a global health problem which affects employed personals especially health professionals. The burden of stress is not limited at individual level, but also affects the organizations productivity, the quality of care and country in large. In Ethiopia, little concern is given to this problem and individual studies conducted among health care professionals also showed inconsistent result. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the pooled prevalence of occupational stress and its associated factors among health care professionals in Ethiopia. Methods Articles were searched from PubMed, Hinari, PsychInfo, Science direct databases, Google and Google scholar. A total of 10 studies were included in this review and meta-analysis. We used a standardized format for data extraction and STATA software version 13 for analysis. A random effect meta-analysis model was used to determine the pooled prevalence of occupational stress and I2 was used to check heterogeneity. Begg’s and Egger’s tests were conducted to detect publication bias. Furthermore, sensitivity and subgroup analysis was also conducted. Association was expressed by pooled odd ratio with corresponding 95% CI. Results The pooled prevalence of occupational stress was 52.5 [95% CI: (47.03, 57.96)]. The heterogeneity test was I2 = 89.1% & P < 0.001. The result of the publication bias detection (Begg’s and Egger’s) tests were p = 0.283 and p = 0.369 respectively. Female sex was identified as a significant predictor for occupational stress with a pooled effect of 3.75 [95% CI: (2.58, 5.45)]. Conclusions Above half of health care professionals had occupational stress. Being female was significantly associated factor in this review and meta-analysis. Therefore, introduction of policies supporting health care professionals well-being at work in Ethiopia are advisable.

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Prevalence of Goiter Among School-Aged Children in Ethiopia: Update of Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Global Advances in Health and Medicine ◽

10.1177/2164956120988660 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

pp. 216495612098866

Author(s):

Yohannes Tekalegn ◽

Kebebe Bekele ◽

Biniyam Sahiledengle ◽

Demelash Woldeyohannes

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Random Effect ◽

Health Concern ◽

School Age Children ◽

Forest Plot ◽

School Age ◽

Analysis Model ◽

Pooled Prevalence

Background Iodine deficiency is a major public health concern throughout the world. Goiter is the most visible sign of iodine deficiency. In Ethiopia, a study finding regarding the prevalence of goiter among school-age children is inconsistent and highly variable. Objectives To estimate the pooled prevalence of goiter among school-age children in Ethiopia. Methods Three international databases (MEDLINE/Pub-Med, Google Scholar and Science Direct) were systematically searched. Besides, the reference sections of identified articles were searched to increase the chance of detecting missed articles in gray literature. STATA Version 14 statistical software was used to conduct a meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence with a 95% confidence interval was displayed using the forest plot. A random-effect meta-analysis model was used to compute the pooled prevalence, and The Cochrane Q test statistics and I2 test were used to assess the heterogeneity of the studies. Results A total of 14 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and included in this systematic review and Meta-analysis, with a total sample size of 26,282. The finding of this systematic review revealed that the pooled prevalence of goiter among school-age children was 42.9% (95% CI: 38.8–46.9). The highest prevalence of goiter (46.7%) was observed in Oromia region and the lowest (26.3%) was observed in Benishangul-Gumuz region. Conclusions This review finding revealed that more than two in five of the school children in Ethiopia suffer from iodine deficiency disorder as manifested by the goiter rate.

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Colostrum avoidance and associated factors in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-83791/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jemberu Nigussie ◽

Bekahegn Girma ◽

Alemayehu Molla ◽

Moges Mareg

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Random Effect ◽

Health Benefit ◽

Plain Water ◽

Analysis Model ◽

Prelacteal Feeding ◽

Timely Initiation ◽

Pooled Prevalence

Abstract Background: Colostrum is the first milk produced by the mammary glands during the second half of pregnancy for a few days (3-4) after birth. However, colostrum is a normative standard for infants’ complete form of nutrition, most mothers' giving prelacteal food such as honey, butter, sugar water, and plain water instead of colostrum to their newborn. In Ethiopia, colostrum was seen as abnormal milk causing abdominal problems, and to mitigate this problem most mothers were discarding the portion of the colostrum. Although studies have been conducted on colostrum avoidance and associated factors in Ethiopia, their report was inconsistent regarding the prevalence and associated factors. The main aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the pooled prevalence of colostrum avoidance and associated factors in Ethiopia.Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis databases such as Google, Google Scholar, PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, and Hinari were searched. We found a total of 327 records, of which 292 records were excluded due to duplication and unrelated to our objective. Finally, 35 studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The data were extracted in Microsoft Excel format and exported to STATA Version 14.0 statistical software for analysis. Heterogeneity was checked by the I2 test. A random-effect meta-analysis model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of colostrum avoidance and associated factors. Egger’s weighted regression and Begg’s rank correlation test were used to assess publication bias. Result: This review revealed that the pooled prevalence of colostrum avoidance in Ethiopia was 20.5% (95% CI; 16.46, 24.45). Ante-natal care (ANC) visits [OR= 0.274 (95% CI; 0.175, 0.428)], place of delivery [OR= 3.8 (95% CI; 2.9, 4.9)], breastfed counselling [OR= 0.261(95% CI; 0.147 - 0.462), timely initiation of breast feeding [OR = 3.8 (95% CI; 1.9, 7.4)] and prelacteal feeding [OR= 5.77 (95% CI; 4.03- 8.22)] were significant factors for colostrum avoidance. Conclusion: This meta-analysis showed that one of five mothers discarded colostrum in Ethiopia. Colostrum avoidance was higher in rural mothers than in urban mothers. Strengthening ANC visits, institutional delivery, breastfed counseling, early initiation of breastfeeding, and avoidance of prelacteal feeding are recommended interventions to reduce colostrum avoidance in Ethiopia. Furthermore, promoting the health benefit of colostrum and its nutritional value also emphasizes to improving colostrum feeding in the community.

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Prevalence of Malaria among Adults in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Journal of Tropical Medicine ◽

10.1155/2021/8863002 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Fasil Adugna Kendie ◽

Tamirat Hailegebriel W/kiros ◽

Endalkachew Nibret Semegn ◽

Melaku Wale Ferede

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Subgroup Analysis ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Random Effect ◽

Random Effect Model ◽

Control Measures ◽

African Countries ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Regional State ◽

Pooled Prevalence

Background. Malaria is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in tropical and subtropical regions. The bulk of the global malaria burden is in sub-Saharan African countries, including Ethiopia. Malaria adversely affects the health of the peoples as well as the economic development of many developing countries including Ethiopia. Methods. This review article was reported according to PRISMA guidelines. Related published articles were searched from online public databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. The search approach used to retrieve related articles were “prevalence,” “malaria,” “adults,” and “Ethiopia.” The quality of articles was assessed using Joana Brigg’s Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist. The meta-analysis was computed using STATA version 14. The pooled prevalence estimates with 95% confidence interval were analyzed using a random-effect model, and the possible source of heterogeneity across studies was indicated through subgroup analysis, inverse of variance (I2), and time series analysis. The presence of publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots and Egger’s regression test. Results. Out of 144 studies collected, only eight full-text articles were screened and included in the final quantitative meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of malaria among adults in Ethiopia was 13.61%. Subgroup analysis based on types of malaria cases showed that the prevalence of malaria among symptomatic and asymptomatic adults was 15.34% and 11.99%, respectively. Similarly, regional subgroup analysis showed that the highest malaria prevalence was recorded in Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region (SNNPR) (16.17%) followed by Oromia Regional State (13.11%) and Amhara Regional State (12.41%). Discussion and Conclusion. The current systematic review and meta-analysis showed that the pooled prevalence of malaria among adults was found to be greater than the general population and nearly equal to pregnant women. Therefore, the current prevention and control measures, which are related to both vectors and parasites, should be strengthened.

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Dyslipidaemia and mortality in COVID-19 patients - a meta-analysis

QJM ◽

10.1093/qjmed/hcab071 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Marco Zuin ◽

Gianluca Rigatelli ◽

Claudio Bilato ◽

Carlo Cervellati ◽

Giovanni Zuliani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Random Effects ◽

Mortality Risk ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Random Effect ◽

Final Analysis ◽

Short Term ◽

Random Effects Models ◽

Pooled Prevalence ◽

Statistical Heterogeneity ◽

Trim And Fill

Abstract Objective The prevalence and prognostic implications of pre-existing dyslipidaemia in patients infected by the SARS-CoV-2 remain unclear. To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence and mortality risk in COVID-19 patients with pre-existing dyslipidaemia. Methods Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed in abstracting data and assessing validity. We searched MEDLINE and Scopus to locate all the articles published up to January 31, 2021, reporting data on dyslipidaemia among COVID-19 survivors and non-survivors. The pooled prevalence of dyslipidaemia was calculated using a random effects model and presenting the related 95% confidence interval (CI), while the mortality risk was estimated using the Mantel-Haenszel random effects models with odds ratio (OR) and related 95% CI. Statistical heterogeneity was measured using the Higgins I2 statistic. Results Eighteen studies, enrolling 74.132 COVID-19 patients [mean age 70.6 years], met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. The pooled prevalence of dyslipidaemia was 17.5% of cases (95% CI: 12.3-24.3%, p < 0.0001), with high heterogeneity (I2=98.7%). Pre-existing dyslipidaemia was significantly associated with higher risk of short-term death (OR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.19-2.41, p = 0.003), with high heterogeneity (I2=88.7%). Due to publication bias, according to the Trim-and-Fill method, the corrected random-effect ORs resulted 1.61, 95% CI 1.13-2.28, p < 0.0001 (one studies trimmed). Conclusions Dyslipidaemia represents a major comorbidity in about 18% of COVID-19 patients but it is associated with a 60% increase of short-term mortality risk.

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