High prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of salmonella species and extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli from raw cattle meat at butcher houses in Hawassa city, Sidama regional state, Ethiopia

Background Food-borne diseases related to the consumption of meat and its products had public health importance worldwide. The problem became worst in Ethiopia as the result of the tradition of eating raw cattle meat. Salmonella species and Escherichia coli are important food-borne pathogens associated with meat contamination. Hence the current study aimed to assess the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella species and Extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli from raw cattle meat at butcher houses in Hawassa city, Sidama regional state, Ethiopia. Method A cross-sectional study was done on the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella species and Extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing E.coli from raw cattle meat at butcher houses in Hawassa city from September to December 2020. Socio-demographic data were collected using a structured questionnaire and raw cattle meat and swab samples were collected from meat cutting equipment. The collected samples transported using icebox to Hawassa University College of Medicine and Health Sciences Microbiology Laboratory for identification. Samples were grown on different culture media and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were determined by using Kirby disc diffusion method. Data were entered and analyzed into SPSS version 23. Descriptive statistics were done and P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Result The overall prevalence of salmonella and ESBL producing E.coli among 556 samples collected from 278 butcher houses was 36 (6.47%) (95% CI: 1.68–1.79) of which 13 (2.3%) were ESBL producing E.coli and 23(4.1%) were salmonella species. Poor hand washing practice (AOR = 2.208; 95% CI: 1.249–3.904) and touching birr while selling meat (AOR = 0.75; 95% CI: (0.433–1.299) were found to be significantly associated with the prevalence of salmonella species and E.coli on cattle meat. The isolates showed moderate levels of resistance (60–70%) against Amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid and high susceptibility (85–100%) against gentamicin, cotrimoxazole, ceftazidime, and tetracycline and the overall multidrug resistance was 33.3%. Conclusion This study revealed moderately high prevalence of salmonella and E.coli due to poor hygiene and sanitation practices in the butcher shops. Furthermore, the existence of ESBL producing E.coli isolates clearly indicate the possible threat to public health. Therefore, inspection by the right agencies must be implemented in order to prevent food-borne outbreaks and antimicrobial resistance.

The Political Impact of Chewing Khat (Chat) on Chewers: In the Case of Woldia City Administration of North Wollo, Amhara National Regional State

The main aim of this study was to investigate the political impact of chewing khat on the chewers in Woldia City Administration of North Wollo, Amhara National Regional State. As far as the researcher's reading, no research was conducted in Ethiopia dealing with the political impact of chewing khat on chewers. Accordingly, this study was conducted using qualitative methods of data collection. Semi-structured in-depth interview, focus group discussion (FGD), and complete observation were employed during data collection. The study used phenomenology design and the findings were analyzed thematically. The study found that khat chewers’ political unconsciousness, utopian involvement in politics, and fail in conspired politics were associated with khat chewing practices. Based on this findings, the researchers recommend that awarness creation about the anxiety of khat in political life is in need.

FORMATION OF MOTIVES OF EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AS ONE OF THE CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL SELF-ORGANIZATION OF STUDENTS FROM CADET SCHOOLS AND MARIINSKY FEMALE GYMNASIUMS OF THE KRASNOYARSK TERRITORY

Statement of the problem. Article presents an overview of theoretical positions and studies devoted to the formation of students’ motivation, considered as certain human actions aimed at achieving a goal, as well as being one of the conditions for successful self-organization. The purpose of the article is to characterize the features of the motives of educational activity among students from cadet schools and Mariinsky female gymnasiums, depending on the level of self-organization. Research methodology. Theoretical and methodological basis of research includes the following approaches: a systematic approach: the principle of consistency, the principle of development (L.I. Antsyferova, B.A. Drummers, I.V. Blauberg, B.F. Lomov, E.G. Yudin, etc.), activity-based approach: the principle of determinism, the principle of unity of consciousness and activity (K.A. Abulkhanova, A.G. Asmolov, L.S. Vygotsky, A.N. Leontiev, V.D. Shadrikov, etc.), and subject-developmental approach: the principle of balance between individual and the public (a. Adler, A. Maslow, K. Rogers, K.A. Abulkhanova, S.L. Rubinstein, E.A. Sergienko, L.V. Slobodchikov, etc.). The study involved 920 students of the cadet and female gymnasium education system of the Krasnoyarsk Territory aged 12 to 17. The research was based on the regional state educational organizations with the specialized name “cadet (sea cadet) corps” and the regional state educational organizations of the Mariinsky female gymnasium, as well as the regional state autonomous educational institution “Regional boarding school for work with gifted children “Cosmonautics School”. We used the following for diagnostics: the “Methodology for diagnosing the type of school motivation” in high school students by E. Lepeshova, and “Methodology for diagnosing personal time disorganizers” by O.V. Kuzmina. Statistical data processing included comparison of samples and analysis of the interdependence of features. To compare the samples, the Mann Whitney U-test was used, the correlation analysis was based on the calculation of the Spearman correlation coefficient. Research results. The key reasons leading to unproductive organization of the activity of students in cadet schools and Mariinsky gymnasiums are emotional tension and emotional apathy. Organizational disorganizers associated with the lack of skills in planning, setting priorities, ability to work on one problem for a long time, desire to postpone duties. Internal motives of learning related with knowledge, self-development, self-realization are noted in a small number of students. There is a high level of motivation associated with awareness of social need for education, prestige of education in a family, with approval of parents. The motives associated with the approval of teachers, classmates, and the prestige of studying in the classroom are mostly presented at a low level. The value-semantic disorganizers of time and emotional apathy have direct interrelationships in all other parameters of personal disorganizers. Conclusion. Understanding the interrelationships of the parameters of personal time disorganizers and the key motives of adolescents will increase the overall level of self-organization among students and help competently organize psychological work during the educational process in closed educational institutions.

Enhancing Students’ Attitude towards Biology through the Integration of Traditional Medicine and 5E’s Learning Cycle

The study investigated the effect of integrating traditional medicine (TM) concepts with grade 9th microorganism and disease topics on students’ attitude towards biology. The study used a quasi-experimental pretest, posttest non-equivalent group design. two intact classes were selected in Chiro district of Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. The first class belonged to the treatment group where TM contents are integrated through 5E’s learning cycle with the topic Microorganism and Disease and the second was assigned as comparison group learning the same biology unit on Microorganisms and Disease using the usual approach. Biological Attitude Questionnaires (BAQ) was administered for both groups as pre- and post-tests. The findings showed that the integration of TM with the school biology enhanced students’ attitude towards biology as compared with teaching the topics without integration.

The Impact of Rural Livelihood Diversification on Household Poverty: Evidence from Jimma Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Southwest Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, agriculture is the principal source of food and livelihood for many rural households, making it a central component of programs that seek to reduce poverty and achieve food security. Since the sector is faced with many challenges, rural households are compelled to develop strategies through diversification to cope with the increasing vulnerability associated with agricultural production. As a result, the purpose of this research is to assess the impact of livelihood diversification on household poverty in the Jimma zone of Ethiopia’s Oromia regional state. A multistage sampling procedure was employed to select 385 sample household heads. The study utilized data obtained from a cross-sectional survey using an interview schedule, focus group discussion, key informant interview, and personal observations. Both descriptive and econometric data analysis techniques were applied. The result of the FGT poverty measure revealed that the incidence of poverty among rural households was 37.14%, implying that 62.86% were non-poor. The descriptive statistics revealed that age of household, dependency ratio, year of schooling, sex of household, livestock ownership, landholding, non-farm income, market distance, and extension contact were found to have a significant influence on the poverty status of a household at different probability levels. Based on the cost of basic needs approach, it was applied to measure poverty status. The results of the logit model indicate that family size, landholding, livestock ownership, year of schooling, access to credit services, and off-farm income of the households were found to have significantly determined livelihood diversification. Moreover, the results of the propensity score matching indicate that household participation in livelihood diversification has a positive and significant impact on household poverty. Accordingly, households with diversified livelihoods were found to be 9% better off than those that were not diversified in terms of poverty. Policies aimed at increasing the income generation ability of the household should be strongly considered. Therefore, to ensure the capacity of rural households to practice farming along with a wide range of income-generating activities to improve the well-being of the rural poor and have a significant impact on poverty reduction, participating in livelihood diversification should be given emphasis in development planning.

Institutional Changes in State Policy of Re-Industrialization and Industrialization of Regions in Russia: the Factor of Industrial Parks (illustrated by regions of the Central Federal district)

Industrial and production parks in entities of the Russian Federation, on the one hand, act in research and managerial practices as the institution of sustainable development of the territory and as a mechanism of regional state industrial policy. On the other hand, they function as a project, which devises the institute of state and supports it on different stages of establishment and operation. In Russian regions industrial and production parks are integrated into the process of pursuing regional industrial policy by affecting through available samples and practices the federal policy in the industrial complex. Two-level state policy (federal and regional) itself obtains systematic and complex character, which fosters an increase in GDP, creation of highly-paid jobs and attaining competitiveness of manufactured goods of Russia on foreign markets. The article shows that the institute of industrial and production parks possesses both qualitative and quantitative estimation. In early July 2021 there were 179 industrial and production parks in regions of the Russian Federation and 99 parks were being established. In the process of institualization and development they became a key mechanism of productive changes in the industrial complex. Apart from that they were shaped as a mass phenomenon in pursuing state industrial policy. The authors proved that parks in view of regional state industrial policy can resolve three tasks: 1. Overcome negative consequence of de-industrialization; 2. Provide re-industrialization of the territory; 3. Pursue policy of new industrialization.