Perceptions and Needs of Artificial Intelligence in Health Care to Increase Adoption: Scoping Review

Background Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of health care service delivery. However, the perceptions and needs of such systems remain elusive, hindering efforts to promote AI adoption in health care. Objective This study aims to provide an overview of the perceptions and needs of AI to increase its adoption in health care. Methods A systematic scoping review was conducted according to the 5-stage framework by Arksey and O’Malley. Articles that described the perceptions and needs of AI in health care were searched across nine databases: ACM Library, CINAHL, Cochrane Central, Embase, IEEE Xplore, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies that were published from inception until June 21, 2021. Articles that were not specific to AI, not research studies, and not written in English were omitted. Results Of the 3666 articles retrieved, 26 (0.71%) were eligible and included in this review. The mean age of the participants ranged from 30 to 72.6 years, the proportion of men ranged from 0% to 73.4%, and the sample sizes for primary studies ranged from 11 to 2780. The perceptions and needs of various populations in the use of AI were identified for general, primary, and community health care; chronic diseases self-management and self-diagnosis; mental health; and diagnostic procedures. The use of AI was perceived to be positive because of its availability, ease of use, and potential to improve efficiency and reduce the cost of health care service delivery. However, concerns were raised regarding the lack of trust in data privacy, patient safety, technological maturity, and the possibility of full automation. Suggestions for improving the adoption of AI in health care were highlighted: enhancing personalization and customizability; enhancing empathy and personification of AI-enabled chatbots and avatars; enhancing user experience, design, and interconnectedness with other devices; and educating the public on AI capabilities. Several corresponding mitigation strategies were also identified in this study. Conclusions The perceptions and needs of AI in its use in health care are crucial in improving its adoption by various stakeholders. Future studies and implementations should consider the points highlighted in this study to enhance the acceptability and adoption of AI in health care. This would facilitate an increase in the effectiveness and efficiency of health care service delivery to improve patient outcomes and satisfaction.

Postacute-Stroke Management Problems in Home Care Service: A Qualitative Single-Centered Study in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Objective This study explores the postacute-stroke management problems, particularly for patients with total dependency (Barthel Index <20), in home care service of Dr. Sardjito Hospital (SH) from the hospital personnel's and caregiver's points of view. Materials and Methods In-depth interviews with a semi-structured interview guide were conducted with hospital personnel and patients' caregivers based on the purposeful sampling. There were 10 hospital personnel that were interviewed: the director of medical service, head of home care unit, neurologists, general practitioners, nurses, and physiotherapist. There were eight caregivers who participated in the study. Statistical Analysis Data from the interviews were analyzed using systematic text condensation using Nvivo 12 plus. Results Our findings showed that all health personnel in SH agreed that home care service is a part of an integrated health care service for continuation of care. However, the preparedness by the hospital management is still lacking in infrastructures, such as standardized operational procedure, quality control, and financial system, as well as in terms of competent human resources and their welfare. In addition, the patient's family and caregiver are lacking in knowledge and independency to take care of the patients with the need of home care services' monitoring to deliver the expected home care for postacute-stroke's patient regularly. Conclusion Home care service is an act of implementing hospital obligation to fulfill the patients' rights. An established hospital policy to ensure a comprehensive home care service delivery is necessary. The capability and welfare of the health care personnel should be put into account for the standardized human resources.

Suicide as a medical education curricular topic: a documentary analysis of Brazilian federal medical schools

Purpose Physicians worldwide need to be able to identify and assess suicide risk or behavior in their consults. The proper training of medical staff is an important form of suicide prevention, especially because 80% of the patients who died by suicide were in contact with a health-care service in the year of their death. The purpose of this study is to verify if some of the most important Brazilian medical schools includes discussions regarding suicide in their curricula, and describe them. Design/methodology/approach The study performed a documentary analysis of all Brazilian federal higher education institutions. The analysis involved selecting the institutions that approached the topic of suicide in their curricula, and sorting it by keywords. The curricula that contained such keywords were then entirely read, analyzed and all components found were described regarding course period, workload and approach. Findings Within the 68 analyzed institutions, 19 (28%) included suicide in their curricula with a total of 31 components approaching suicide among them. Those components belonged to different stages of the course and had different workloads and approaches. A total of seven different approaches were identified: Clinical (54.8%); Emergency (16.1%); Medical Psychology (9.7%); Ethics (6.5%); Social (6.5%); Occupational (3.2%) and Forensic (3.2%). Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the study is the first to address medical education regarding suicide in a large number of Brazilian institutions. It is also one of the few studies worldwide to quantify suicide discussion on a large number of institutions using documentary analysis.

Conventional health care service utilization among cancer survivors that visit traditional and complementary providers in the Tromsø study: a cross-sectional study

Background Traditional and complementary medicine (T&CM) is commonly used among cancer patients worldwide. Cancer patients in Norway mainly visit T&CM providers in addition to conventional health care services. It is not known how their utilization of T&CM providers influences their use of conventional health care services. The aim of this study was to investigate the difference between the utilization of conventional health care services among cancer survivors that visit T&CM providers and those that do not, and their associated factors. Method Health care service utilization data were obtained from cancer survivors 40 years and above participating in the Tromsø Study: Tromsø 7 conducted in 2015–2016. Data were collected from self-administered questionnaires. Pearson chi-square tests, Fisher exact tests, t-test, and logistic regression were used, with the significance level considered at p < 0.05. Results Of 1553 individuals, 10% (n = 155) reported visiting T&CM providers in the past 12 months. As both cancer survivors visiting and not visiting T&CM providers were frequent users of conventional health care, no significant differences were found in the overall use of conventional health care (98.1vs.94.5%, p = .056). Users of T&CM providers were however more likely to visit physiotherapists (40.1% vs 25%, p < .001), emergency rooms (29.2% vs 16.5%, p < .001), chiropractors (17% vs 6%, p < .001), and psychologist/psychiatrist (8.9% vs 3.4%, p < .001). They also had more frequent visits to conventional health care (11.45 vs 8.31 yearly visits, p = 0.014), particularly to general practitioners (5.21 visits vs. 3.94 visits, p = .002). Conclusion Results from this study show that visits to T&CM providers are associated with more visits to conventional health care services among cancer survivors. Further studies are needed to investigate the reasons for this high use behavior.

Automation in Healthcare Services

The health care service industry (also known as a medical industry) is an industry that is comprised of the services related to the safeguarding or enhancement of patient health or provides services to treat patients with medicinal, protective, rehabilitative, and analgesic care. For the last two decades, it has been seen that there are drastic changes in healthcare services through automation, digitalization, technological innovation, and communication. Automation has made a revolutionary change in the healthcare industry and allowed for it to be more cost-effective for the industry to run day-to-day operations. Automation-driven health care activities are free from human fatigue and error, so they can help out to provide consistency, accuracy, and potentially lead to a reduction in patient complications, infections, and deaths. Besides, automation can help hospitals, professionals, and doctors for cost-reduction measures and increased efficiency as part of their monetary benefits.

Study of Health Care Practices and Comorbidities in Diabetic Population at Small Community Level in Biratnagar: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study

Background: Death in diabetes mellitus occurs mostly due to co-morbidities and complications resulting from diabetes. To reduce morbidity and mortality, awareness regarding diabetes and its complications is necessary. The aim of the study is to assess the health care practices and co-morbidities associated with the disease. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at community level (Kharji ward number 4) at Biratnagar. All diagnosed patients of type II diabetes mellitus ≥ 18 years of age were enrolled for the study. Data for socio-demographic factors and clinical status were collected by pretested semi structured Questionnaire. Random blood sugar was measured using a portable glucometer. Anthropometric measurements were done by measuring height and weight of participants and body mass index was calculated by standard formula. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 21.0. Results: Out of the total 205 participants, 55.7% were found to be within the age group of 45-64 years i.e. middle aged (55.6%). Almost equal participants of the male and female were found, 50.7% and 49.3% respectively. More participants were found of below poverty line 67.31%. More than half 47.8% of the participants were suffering from the diabetes for less than 5 years of duration. All most all participants 98.5% knew about diabetes and its complications. Majority of the respondents 62.4% were having co-morbidity, among them 34.6% of participants were having hypertension. Majority of the participants were utilizing private health care service 79%. Conclusion: The diabetic participants were mostly of middle age with almost equal number of male and female having adequate knowledge about diabetes. Hypertension was the most common co morbidity among participants and they preferred private health care service mostly.