Microindentation hardness and calcium/phosphorus ratio of dentin following excavation of dental caries lesions with different techniques

Abstract Objective The study aimed to evaluate the influence of smoking habit on the prevalence of dental caries lesions in a follow-up study. Materials and Methods A total of 3,675 patients (2,186 females and 1,489 males) with an average age of 51.4 years were included. Outcome measures were the incidence of dental caries defined as incipient noncavitated, microcavitated, or cavitated lesions which had been diagnosed through clinical observation with mouth mirror and probe examination evaluating change of texture, translucency, and color; radiographic examination through bitewing radiographs; or secondary caries through placement of a new restoration during the follow-up of the study. Statistical Analysis Cumulative survival (time elapsed with absence of dental caries) was estimated through the Kaplan–Meier product limit estimator with comparison of survival curves (log-rank test). A multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to evaluate the effect of smoking on the incidence of dental caries lesions when controlled to age, gender, systemic status, frequency of dental hygiene appointments, and socioeconomic status. The significance level was set at 5%. Results Eight hundred sixty-three patients developed caries (23.5% incidence rate). The cumulative survival estimation was 81.8% and 48% survival rate for nonsmokers and smokers, respectively (p < 0.001), with an average of 13.5 months between the healthy and diseased state diagnosis. Smokers registered a hazard ratio for dental caries lesions of 1.32 (p = 0.001) when controlled for the other variables of interest. Conclusion Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that smoking habit might be a predictor for dental caries.

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Evaluation of Clinical, Biochemical and Microbiological Markers Related to Dental Caries

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18116049 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (11) ◽

pp. 6049

Author(s):

Maria D Ferrer ◽

Salvadora Pérez ◽

Aránzazu López Lopez ◽

José Luis Sanz ◽

Maria Melo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Oral Health ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Biochemical Parameters ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Low Ph ◽

Tooth Brushing ◽

Sugar Solution ◽

Before And After ◽

Caries Lesions

Our aim was to evaluate clinical, biochemical and microbiological markers related to dental caries in adults. A sample that consisted of 75 volunteers was utilized. The presence of caries and the presence of plaque and gingival indices were determined. Unstimulated salivary flow, pH, lactate, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus dentisani were measured in the participants’ plaque and saliva samples before and after rinsing with a sugar solution. Lactate in plaque was found to be significantly related to age, gender, tooth-brushing frequency, the presence of cavitated caries lesions and plaque and gingival indices (p < 0.05). The levels of S. dentisani in plaque increased significantly with tooth-brushing frequency (p = 0.03). Normalized plaque S. dentisani values and the percentage of S. dentisani were slightly higher in patients with basal lactic acid levels ≤ 50 mg/L. After rinsing with a sugary solution, the percentage of S. mutans levels in plaque were higher in patients with lactic acid levels > 350 mg/L (p = 0.03). Tooth-brushing frequency was the factor which was most associated with oral health. Women reflected better clinical and biochemical parameters than men. Low pH and high lactic acid levels tended to be associated with high caries rates. No association was found between bacteria levels and caries indices.

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The Natural History of Dental Caries Lesions

Journal of Dental Research ◽

10.1177/0022034512455030 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 91 (9) ◽

pp. 841-846 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

A. Ferreira Zandoná ◽

E. Santiago ◽

G.J. Eckert ◽

B.P. Katz ◽

S. Pereira de Oliveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Natural History ◽

History Of ◽

Caries Lesions

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Acid Profiles and pH of Carious Dentin in Active and Arrested Lesions

Journal of Dental Research ◽

10.1177/00220345940730121001 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 73 (12) ◽

pp. 1853-1857 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

S. Hojo ◽

M. Komatsu ◽

R. Okuda ◽

N. Takahashi ◽

T. Yamada

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Organic Acids ◽

Clear Relationship ◽

Permanent Teeth ◽

Clinical Classification ◽

Dentin Caries ◽

Caries Lesions

Organic acids in caries lesions play important roles in initiation and progress of dental caries. We investigated relationships between clinical types of dentin caries and acid profile or pH in the lesions. Caries lesions in dentin from 76 permanent teeth were classified into active, arrested, situated beneath a restoration, and unclassified types. The pH of carious dentin was distinctly lower than that of sound dentin (p < 0.001). Carious dentin with a high percentage of lactate had a lower pH than that with a high percentage of acetate and propionate (p < 0.001). Dentin from active lesions showed a mean pH of 4.9, and the dominant acid was lactate (mean percentage, 88.2). In contrast, carious dentin from arrested lesions showed a higher pH, 5.7, with acetate and propionate as the dominant acids (mean percentages of acetate and propionate, 64.0 and 18.2, respectively). The acid profile (mean percentages of acetate and propionate, 54.0 and 27.7, respectively) and pH (mean 5.8) of carious dentin sampled from lesions beneath a restoration were similar to those of dentin from arrested lesions. This study showed a clear relationship between clinical classification of dentin caries and acid profile and pH, suggesting that both factors are important in dentin caries etiology.

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Relationships of Dental Caries and Malocclusion with Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Lithuanian Adolescents Aged 15 to 18 Years: A Cross-Sectional Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17114072 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (11) ◽

pp. 4072

Author(s):

Aistė Kavaliauskienė ◽

Antanas Šidlauskas ◽

Miglė Žemaitienė ◽

Eglė Slabšinskienė ◽

Apolinaras Zaborskis

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Health Related Quality ◽

Relative Risks ◽

Social Wellbeing ◽

Related Quality ◽

Health Related ◽

Caries Lesions

There is a lack of evidence of the moderating effects of caries lesions and malocclusions on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among older adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship of dental caries and malocclusion with OHRQoL among Lithuanian adolescents aged 15 to 18 years. A survey in a representative sample of adolescents included a clinical examination to assess dental health status using the DMFT (Decayed, Missing, and Filled Permanent Teeth) index, and malocclusion using the Index of Complexity, Outcome, and Need (ICON). The Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ) was used to evaluate respondents’ OHRQoL. Negative binomial regression was fitted to associate the clinical variables with the CPQ scores. A total of 600 adolescents were examined. The overall mean DMFT score was 2.7. A need for orthodontic treatment was detected among 27.7% of adolescents. Subjects with caries lesions (DMFT > 3) had higher CPQ scores in the domains of functional limitations and social wellbeing (relative risks were 1.35 (95% confidence interval: 1.09–1.67) and 1.30 (1.03–1.64), respectively), while subjects with a need for orthodontic treatment (ICON > 43) had higher CPQ scores in the domains of emotional wellbeing and social wellbeing (relative risks were 1.81 (1.40–2.22), and 1.69 (1.34–2.14), respectively). It was concluded that both dental caries and malocclusion have negative relationships with OHRQoL in adolescents above 15 years, but their effects occur differently in each OHRQoL domain.

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On the initial propagation of dental caries

Journal of The Royal Society Interface ◽

10.1098/rsif.2014.0809 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 11 (100) ◽

pp. 20140809 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Rene Fabregas ◽

Jacob Rubinstein

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Dimensional Model ◽

Caries Lesions ◽

Enamel Layer

A multi-dimensional model for dental caries is applied to study the shape of caries lesions in a realistic tooth geometry and to examine the rate of progress of caries. An upgraded model, taking into account the outer prismless enamel layer, is derived and solved. The model demonstrates the importance of this layer in delaying the onset of caries. The conclusions are discussed in light of experimental results.

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A Fibre Optic System for the Detection of Dental Caries

Journal of Medical Devices ◽

10.1115/1.3135043 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Author(s):

D. Hughes ◽

S. Poland ◽

J. Girkin ◽

C. Longbottom ◽

S. Cochran

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Near Infrared ◽

New Technologies ◽

Biological Entity ◽

Fibre Optic ◽

Dental Clinic ◽

Detection Rates ◽

Dental Surgery ◽

Depth Profiles ◽

Caries Lesions

The tooth is a biological entity comprising of a hard enamel layer, encasing the softer (but still hard) dentine which conceals the much softer pulp chamber. Dental caries, commonly known as tooth decay, is the localized demineralization of enamel or dentine caused by the acidic by products of bacteria. Current methods of detection and diagnosis routinely used in the dental surgery are limited to the subjective act of visual inspection (with aide of a metal probe known as an explorer) and bitewing X-ray. Neither method provides quantitative information about the state of the disease in the tooth for accurate diagnosis and subsequent treatment planning. Such methods are also poor at detecting disease in the early (and most treatable) stages. There are, however, new technologies, generally optically based, making their way into the dental clinic, including Quantitative Light Fluorescence and the DiagnoDent tool. Both methods are able to improve the detection rates of dental caries, however, the outputs from these tools are still somewhat subjective and not quantitative, in particular providing no information on the depth of a lesion. We are reporting on work carried out using the technique of Fibre Optic Confocal Microscopy (FOCOM) in order to produce a device which can record depth profiles through the tooth and allow detection and quantification of subsurface lesions. The method has been shown to detect caries lesions and this paper concentrates on the miniaturisation of the tool for use in the oral cavity within the dental clinic. Two types of miniature lenses, GRIN and aspheric, are investigated using a computer simulation followed by experimental verification. The subsequent choice of the latter is then reported in a desktop system in the near infrared to produce depth profiles through extracted teeth with these profiles showing different characteristics between sound enamel and lesioned enamel. Results with the system used to monitor the change in surface reflection from a tooth during acid erosion of the enamel surface. The results from this new diagnostic instrument thus have applicability for both detecting and following caries lesions during a planned treatment programme of remineralization as well as to monitor the effects of acid erosion a growing dental problem caused by the consumption of acidic soft drinks.

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Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of cone beam computed tomography and three intraoral radiographic systems in the diagnosis of carious lesions in vitro.

Journal Of Oral Research ◽

10.17126/joralres.2020.091 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 466-473

Author(s):

Jorge A. Beltrán ◽

◽

Roberto A. León-Manco ◽

Maria Eugenia Guerrero ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Diagnostic Accuracy ◽

Sensitivity And Specificity ◽

Cone Beam Computed Tomography ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Cone Beam ◽

Occlusal Surfaces ◽

Caries Lesions

Objective: The objective of the study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of cone beam computed tomography and three intraoral radiographic systems in the detection of in vitro caries lesions. Material and Methods: One hundred teeth (46 molars and 54 premolars) were evaluated, including 176 proximal surfaces and 90 occlusal surfaces, with or without dental caries lesions. Digital images of all teeth were obtained using specific intraoral radiographs, VistaScan DürrDental®phosphor-plate radiography, XIOS XG Sirona® digital sensor radiography, and CBCT I-CATTM. Observers evaluated the images for the detection of caries lesions. The teeth were clinically sectioned and stereomicroscopy served as a validation tool. The relationship of sensitivity and specificity between all systems was determined through the ROC curve using Az values. Results: The values of the area under the curve (Az) selected for the CBCT I-CATTM system were 0.89 (0.84-0.93), for conventional radiography 0.71 (0.66-0.76), digital sensor radiography 0.74 (0.70-0.78) and digital radiography with phosphor-plates 0.73 (0.69-0.77). Statistically significant differences were found between the CBCT I-CATTM system and intraoral radiographic systems (p<0.01). The sensitivity and specificity values for the CBCT I-CATTM were 0.84 and 0.93 respectively. Conclusion: CBCT has a high sensitivity and specificity compared to intraoral radiographic systems for the diagnosis of dental caries lesions in vitro.

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THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE SURFACE LAYER OF ENAMEL DEPENDING ON ITS FUNCTIONAL STATE

Health and Ecology Issues ◽

10.51523/2708-6011.2018-15-2-13 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 66-71

Author(s):

N. N. Pustovoitova ◽

V. V. Kitel

Keyword(s):

Surface Layer ◽

Czech Republic ◽

Great Britain ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

High Resolution ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Light Elements ◽

Spectral Analyzer ◽

Carious Lesions ◽

Calcium Phosphorus

Objective: to study the chemical composition of the surface layer of enamel in dental caries depending on the activity of carious lesions. Material and methods. The chemical composition of the surface layer of enamel in teeth samples with arrested (n = 15) and active (n = 15) caries was studied using the high resolution SEM «Mira» by the firm «Tescan» (Czech Republic) with the micro spectral analyzer «INCA Energy 350» of the firm «Oxford Instruments Analytical» (Great Britain). Results. We have revealed reliable increases in carbon, oxygen and other light elements in the surface layer of the enamel at the area of active carious lesions in comparison with intact enamel and arrested carious lesions; significant decreases in the content of calcium, phosphorus, ratio of Ca / P coefficient for the surface layer of the enamel of active carious lesions in comparison with intact enamel and arrested carious lesions. We have revealed no reliable differences in the content of C, O, Ca, P, CI in the surface layer of intact enamel and that at the area of arrested no cavity caries.

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ASSESSMENT OF DENTAL CARIOUS LESIONS BY ICDAS II

Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії ◽

10.31718/2077-1096.21.1.76 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 76-80

Author(s):

V. Melnik ◽

L. Gorzov ◽

S. Melnik ◽

Ya. Duganchik

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Age Groups ◽

Dental Enamel ◽

Statistical Processing ◽

Caries Detection ◽

Average Intensity ◽

Initial Caries ◽

Carious Lesions ◽

Icdas Ii ◽

Caries Lesions

Introduction. The largest amount of information about the dental caries is provided by the International Caries Detection and Assessment II system (ICDAS II), which is known as evidence-based approach to clinical visual detection of dental caries and enables to detect the stage and depth of carious lesions from the slightest changes in dental enamel to visible cavities affecting dentin. This system has been developed by the group of leading experts in the field of cariology. The results obtained by determining the ICDAS II index contribute to making right clinical decision in the choice of prevention and treatment methods, as well as to predicting the carious progression. The aim of the study is to assess the prevalence and intensity of initial dental caries in people using the ICDAS II index. Materials and methods. A total of 32 patients aged 12 to 25 years were examined. During the dental examination, we assessed the prevalence of dental caries using the ICDAS II. Clinical findings were recorded in oral follow-up charts proposed by the ICDAS Foundation for Epidemiological Studies, which allow us to record dental hard tissue status using six codes: three for assessing carious changes in enamel and three for assessing carious changes in dentine in a sequence of growing severity. Statistical processing of the findings was performed using Student's t-test. Results. Carious lesions were detected in all study participants, their total number was 285, of which 140 (49.1%) had the code 1 and 145 (50.8%) had the code 2 according to the ICDAS II. On average, each of the participants had 9.28 ± 0.67 foci of enamel demineralization. The average number of lesions with codes 1 and 2 by the ICDAS II was respectively 4.54 ± 0.51 and 4.74 ± 0.38 (p> 0.05). The average intensity of dental caries increased with age from 8.29 ± 0.83 in 12-15 year old individuals to 9.39 ± 1.20 in 18-25 year old individuals (p> 0.05), mainly by the growth of the average number of the mean number of caries lesions with the code 1 according to the ICDAS II. Mostly carious lesions are found on the masticatory surfaces, their total number made up 159 (55.7%). 101 (35.4%) caries lesions were found on the vestibular and oral parts of the tooth surfaces, and 25 (8.9%) average lesions were detected on the proximal surfaces. The average intensity of caries detected on the chewing surfaces of the teeth was 5.15 ± 0.49 and was significantly higher than on the vestibular and oral (3.33 ± 0.57, p <0.05) and proximal (0.79 ± 0, 20, p <0.001) surfaces. Conclusion. The obtained results showed a high intensity of carious lesions, with their predominance in the active stages in the two age groups under the study. This proves the appropriateness of using diagnostic ICDAS criteria for early detection of initial caries and its proper treatment.

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