Pattern recognition in medical settings

A document is presented with the results of various investigations related to data patterns, more specifically those that have been designed with intelligent computational tools. The use of data patterns in medicine is something that has emerged in recent decades and that increasingly presents development alternatives for engineering projects. Various scientific publications are evaluated in this document to relate engineering applications in medicine, and contrast the possible technological impact offered by computational sciences. Keywords: Engineering in medicine, pattern recognition, computer science. References [1]R. Pallás-Areny, «LA INGENIERÍA ELECTRÓNICA Y LA MEDICINA,» [En línea]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ramon-Pallas-Areny/publication/239813249_La_Ingenieria_electronica_y_la_medicina/links/0deec539fea82baf03000000/La-Ingenieria-electronica-y-la-medicina.pdf. [Último acceso: 27 diciembre 2021].[2]H. Medellín, G. González, R. Espinosa, E. Govea y T. Lim, «Desarrollo de Aplicaciones de Realidad Virtual y Sistemas Hápticos en Ingeniería, medicina y arte,» de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, San Luis Potosí-Mexico, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, 2014, pp. 77-93. [3]S. Chris, E. Ray, J. Andrew y L. Jason, «Designing cranial implants in a haptic augmented reality environment,» Communications of the ACM, vol. 47, nº 8, pp. 33-38, 2004. [4]G. Sabine, K. Erwin y G. Bernd, «Advances in interactive craniofacial surgery planning by 3D simulation and visualization.,» Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, vol. 24, pp. 120-125, 1995. [5]P. Philipp, G. B. Alexander, P. Andreas, V. S. Norman, P. Bernhard, P. Andreas, H. Karl-Heinz, T. Ulf, S. Ingo y H. Max, «Virtual Dental Surgery as a New Educational Tool in Dental School,» Journal of Cranio- Maxillo-Facial Surgery, vol. 38, pp. 560-564, 2010. [6]C. Castañeda y F. Vázquez, «Realidad Virtual, un apoyo en la Terapia de Acrofobia, Claustrofobia y Agorafobia, » de Memorias del VIII Congreso Internacional sobre Innovación y Desarrollo Tecnológico (CIINDET 2011), Cuernavaca Morelos, México., 2011. [7]F. Suárez, O. Flor y L. Rosales, «Sistema de interpretación de conductas para identificación de situaciones de riesgo,» Revista Ibérica de Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informação, vol. E31, pp. 309-317, 2020.

Education for modern engineering

Education has undergone evolutionary changes necessary to be able to generate the necessary contributions for each era, thus creating spaces for discussion that produce new methodologies and new paradigms for teaching. The case of engineering is very particular in these times, and university education should make its best efforts to offer future engineers the necessary skills to face the challenges of modern industry. In this work a literature review is made to analyze the new educational proposals that will be necessary for the training of the engineer in times of industrial digitization. The results show that an adaptation to the teaching processes is necessary, such that an appropriate engineering training is feasible, which assists and meets the requirements of the industry of the future. Keywords: Educational methodologies, modern industry, teaching processes. References [1]La importancia de las letras, «La historia de la educación,» 2010. [Online]. Available: http://historiageneraldelaeducacion.blogspot.com/2010/03/historia-de-la-educacion-conclusion.html. [Last access: 27 11 2021]. [2]V. Guichot, «HISTORIA DE LA EDUCACIÓN: REFLEXIONES SOBRE SU OBJETO, UBICACIÓN EPISTEMOLÓGICA, DEVENIR HISTÓRICO Y TENDENCIAS ACTUALES,» Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Educativos, vol. 2, nº 1, pp. 11-51, 2006. [3]K. Zambrano, «Línea de tiempo de la historia de la educación,» 13 septiembre 2018. [Online]. Available: https://prezi.com/p/oashlaqm_uxn/linea-del-tiempo-historia-de-la-educacion/. [Last access: 24 11 2021]. [4]M. Begoña Tellería, «Educación y nuevas tecnologías. Educación a Distancia y Educación Virtual,» Revista de Teoría y Didáctica de las Ciencias, nº 9, pp. 209-222, 2004. [5]R. Nieto, «EDUCACIÓN VIRTUAL O VIRTUALIDAD DE LA EDUCACIÓN,» Rev.hist.educ.latinoam, vol.14, nº 19, 2012. [6]R. Pallás-Areny, «LA INGENIERÍA ELECTRÓNICA Y LA MEDICINA,» [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ramon-Pallas-Areny/publication/239813249_La_Ingenieria_electronica_y_la_medicina/links/0deec539fea82baf03000000/La-Ingenieria-electronica-y-la-medicina.pdf. [Last access: 27 12 2021]. [7]H. Medellín, G. González, R. Espinosa, E. Govea and T. Lim, «Desarrollo de Aplicaciones de Realidad Virtual y Sistemas Hápticos en Ingeniería, medicina y arte,» de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, San Luis Potosí- Mexico, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, 2014, pp. 77-93. [8]S. Chris, E. Ray, J. Andrew and L. Jason, «Designing cranial implants in a haptic augmented reality environment,»Communications of the ACM, vol. 47, nº 8, pp. 33-38, 2004. [9]G. Sabine, K. Erwin and G. Bernd, «Advances in interactive craniofacial surgery planning by 3D simulation and visualization.,» Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, vol. 24, pp. 120-125, 1995. [10]P. Philipp, G. B. Alexander, P. Andreas, V. S. Norman, P. Bernhard, P. Andreas, H. Karl-Heinz, T. Ulf, S. Ingo y H. Max, «Virtual Dental Surgery as a New Educational Tool in Dental School,» Journal of Cranio- Maxillo-Facial Surgery, vol. 38, pp. 560-564, 2010. [11]C. Castañeda and F. Vázquez, «Realidad Virtual, un apoyo en la Terapia de Acrofobia, Claustrofobia y Agorafobia, » de Memorias del VIII Congreso Internacional sobre Innovación y Desarrollo Tecnológico (CIINDET 2011), Cuernavaca Morelos, México., 2011. [12]F. Suárez, O. Flor and L. Rosales, «Sistema de interpretación de conductas para identificación de situaciones de riesgo,» Revista Ibérica de Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informação, vol. E31, pp. 309-317, 2020.

Engineering projects and educational paradigms

Engineering is part of one of the most forward-thinking careers in industries. In this work, the elementary principles of engineering projects in university education are evaluated and the minimum criteria that an engineering project should have are established so that the future professional develops the necessary skills for their performance as an engineer. A bibliographic review of engineering education is then carried out and the formulation of projects that make the development of practical skills possible. Keywords: Engineering practices, academic projects, industry 4.0. References [1]A. Olaya, Bioinformática como recurso educativo: Proyecto de ingeniería, Córdoba: Universidad de Córdoba, 2018. [2]L. Antoni, La Industria 4.0 en la sociedad digital, Barcelona: Marge Books, 2019. [3]d. V. José, «Industria 4.0: la transformación digital de la industria,» Universidad de Deusto, Deusto. [4]G. Mendizábal and A. Escalante, «El reto de la educación 4.0: competencias laborales para el trabajo emergentepor la covid-19,» RICSH, vol. 10, nº 19, pp. 261 - 283., 2021. [5]R. Ramirez-Mendoza, R. Morales-Menendez, H. Iqbal and R. Parra-Saldivar, «Educación en Ingeniería 4.0: - propuesta para un nuevo currículo,» de EDUCON, Conferencia Global de Educación en Ingeniería de la IEEE 2018, 2018. [6]T. P. Ngoc and N. M. Tri, «Desarrollar la educación superior en el contexto de la revolución industrial 4.0,» Multicultural Education, vol. 7, nº 6, pp. 208-217, 2021. [7]A. Benešová and J. Tupa, «Requisitos para la educación y calificación de las personas en la industria 4.0,» Procedia Manufacturing, vol. 11, pp. 2195-2202, 2017. [8]C. Huerta and M. Velázquez, «Educación 4.0 como respuesta a la Industria 4.0: un estudio analítico-descriptivo,» Ciencia Latina, vol. 5, nº 1, 2021. [9]R. L. Katz, «Capital humano para la transformación digital en América Latina,» CEPAL, 2018. [10]R. Pallás-Areny, «LA INGENIERÍA ELECTRÓNICA Y LA MEDICINA,» [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ramon-Pallas-Areny/publication/239813249_La_Ingenieria_electronica_y_la_medicina/links/0deec539fea82baf03000000/La-Ingenieria-electronica-y-la-medicina.pdf. [Last access: 27 12 2021]. [11]H. Medellín, G. González, R. Espinosa, E. Govea and T. Lim, «Desarrollo de Aplicaciones de Realidad Virtual y Sistemas Hápticos en Ingeniería, medicina y arte,» de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, San Luis Potosí-Mexico, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, 2014, pp. 77-93. [12]S. Chris, E. Ray, J. Andrew and L. Jason, «Designing cranial implants in a haptic augmented reality environment,» Communications of the ACM, vol. 47, nº 8, pp. 33-38, 2004. [13]G. Sabine, K. Erwin and G. Bernd, «Advances in interactive craniofacial surgery planning by 3D simulation and visualization.,» Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, vol. 24, pp. 120-125, 1995. [14]P. Philipp, G. B. Alexander, P. Andreas, V. S. Norman, P. Bernhard, P. Andreas, H. Karl-Heinz, T. Ulf, S. Ingo and H. Max, «Virtual Dental Surgery as a New Educational Tool in Dental School,» Journal of Cranio- Maxillo-Facial Surgery, vol. 38, pp. 560-564, 2010. [15]C. Castañeda and F. Vázquez, «Realidad Virtual, un apoyo en la Terapia de Acrofobia, Claustrofobia y Agorafobia, » de Memorias del VIII Congreso Internacional sobre Innovación y Desarrollo Tecnológico (CIINDET 2011), Cuernavaca Morelos, México., 2011. [16]F. Suárez, O. Flor and L. Rosales, «Sistema de interpretación de conductas para identificación de situaciones de riesgo,» Revista Ibérica de Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informação, vol. E31, pp. 309-317, 2020. [17]La importancia de las letras, «La historia de la educación,» 2010. [Online]. Available: http://historiageneraldelaeducacion.blogspot.com/2010/03/historia-de-la-educacion-conclusion.html. [Last access: 27 11 2021]. [18]V. Guichot, «HISTORIA DE LA EDUCACIÓN: REFLEXIONES SOBRE SU OBJETO, UBICACIÓN EPISTEMOLÓGICA, DEVENIR HISTÓRICO Y TENDENCIAS ACTUALES,» Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Educativos, vol. 2, nº 1, pp. 11-51, 2006. [19]K. Zambrano, «Línea de tiempo de la historia de la educación,» 13 septiembre 2018. [Online]. Available: https://prezi.com/p/oashlaqm_uxn/linea-del-tiempo-historia-de-la-educacion/. [Last access: 24 11 2021]. [20]M. Begoña Tellería, «Educación y nuevas tecnologías. Educación a Distancia y Educación Virtual,» Revista de Teoría y Didáctica de las Ciencias, nº 9, pp. 209-222, 2004. [21]R. Nieto, «EDUCACIÓN VIRTUAL O VIRTUALIDAD DE LA EDUCACIÓN,» Rev.hist.educ.latinoam, vol. 14, nº 19, 2012. [22]S. Levy, D. Romero and R. Pasini, «Implementacón práctica del agilismo en proyecto de Ingeniería de Software, » de XLV Jornadas Argentinas de Informática e Investigación Operativa, Argentina, 2016.

Major approaches to minimally traumatic surgery in dentistry: a systematic review

Introduction: It is estimated that in minimally traumatic dental surgery, synthesis studies with meta-analysis and decision analysis represent almost 29% of all studies. Most of the selected studies were carried out in the USA, Netherlands, and UK. These three countries and 15 journals accounted for nearly 50% of all publications. The remaining works were published in another 61 journals and originated from 32 other countries, including Brazil. Objective: This study aimed to demonstrate, through literature review and case reports, the evolution and consequent importance of improving minimally traumatic surgery techniques in dentistry. It was hypothesized that there were statistically significant results about advances in the attempt to minimize trauma. Methods: The research was carried out from July 2021 to October 2021 and developed based on Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, Scielo, and Cochrane Library. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were systematic review studies, meta-analysis, controlled and randomized cases, non-randomized clinical cases, and opinion articles, which addressed the term minimally traumatic surgery in dentistry. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument. The risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results: Since the most primordial extraction techniques were created and developed, several attempts have been made to minimize the professional's effort, reduce surgical time and alleviate bleeding and inflammatory processes, edema, pain, and ecchymosis that can affect the patients, in the trans and postoperative periods. Thus, the maximum preservation of the integrity of the soft tissues (papillae and free and inserted gingival band) adjacent to the prosthetic spaces should be sought; preservation of the alveolar bone ridge level. Based on the histological concept in which living tissues are formed by cells joined by thin elastic tissue and with nerve fibrils, capillaries, lymphatic and blood vessels. The disruption of these cells by surgical trauma provides the release of enzymes that delay healing. For this reason, surgical trauma should be minimized. Conclusion: There are many attempts to minimize the professional effort, reduce surgical time and alleviate bleeding and inflammatory processes, edema, pain, and ecchymosis that can affect patients. Thus, the maximum preservation of the integrity of the soft tissues adjacent to the prosthetic spaces and the preservation of the level of the ridge of the alveolar bone to achieve a minimization of surgical trauma must be sought.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of the General Population towards COVID-19 Vaccinations: A Cross-sectional Study

Aims: This study aims to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practices of the general population towards coronavirus vaccinations in Pakistan. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Sample: Department of Dental Surgery, Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Pakistan, between March 2021 and June 2021. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 500 individuals who were above 18 years of age. A well-constructed questionnaire consisting of 4 parts (Demographics, Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices) was constructed containing informed consent and distributed online. Spearman correlation test was used to analyse knowledge, attitude, and practices towards coronavirus vaccinations. Results: A total of 500 responses were collected from the participants. Most of the participants had adequate knowledge regarding the availability of the vaccines. About 116 (23.2%) participants had contracted the virus. The majority of 308 (61.7%) participants agreed on vaccines to be effective against the virus. Most of the 401 (80.4%) participants were willing to get themselves vaccinated when their turn comes. 265 out of 500 (53.1%) people have been vaccinated against coronavirus. The minority of people assumed a chip inside the vaccine and religious factors as reasons not to get vaccinated. Those residing in urban locations and with increasing age had better knowledge and attitudes towards vaccinations. Conclusion: To control and contain the ongoing pandemic, vaccination against the coronavirus is a must. There is still scope in evaluating and improving the general population’s knowledge regarding the vaccination programs especially in the rural areas where resources and socioeconomic status is weaker.

Digital dentistry and guided treatments: a concise systematic review

Introduction: In the landscape of new digital technologies, many dental treatments have benefited from this digital advance. The development of computed tomography (CT) dental scanners has enabled powerful imaging capabilities and software applications. The prosthetic plane and implanted drill guides with the placement of trajectories based on a drill according to the position of the CT 3-D Space markers. Objective: To present, through a systematic review, the main considerations of guided surgery in implant dentistry and its respective advantages, disadvantages, and limitations. Methods: Clinical studies with qualitative and/or quantitative analysis were included, following the rules of the systematic review-PRISMA. Results: Out of a total of 102 articles found, 82 articles were evaluated and 57 were rejected for not meeting the GRADE classification, and only 25 articles were used in this study to compose the textual part. Advances in technology have contributed to the improvement of implant models. 3D reconstructions make it possible to determine the quantity and quality of available bone and also enable the simulation of implant installation in a virtual environment, reducing time and the possibility of errors, allowing for an overall reduction in the costs of oral rehabilitation. Conclusion: Guided preoperative planning or project-guided dental surgery provides high implant and dental rehabilitation success rates, also benefiting prosthetic restorations supported by fixed implants. Furthermore, the concept of using personalized implants with the help of 3D virtual treatment planning improves mandibular restoration with a good facial profile, esthetics, and dental rehabilitation.

A fulfilling role

Kelly Woodward and Marisa Russell explain how dental nurses can progress both inside and outside the dental surgery

Stability of Dental Implants and Thickness of Cortical Bone: Clinical Research and Future Perspectives. A Systematic Review

Dental surgery implantation has become increasingly important among procedures that aim to rehabilitate edentulous patients to restore esthetics and the mastication ability. The optimal stability of dental implants is correlated primarily to the quality and quantity of bone. This systematic literature review describes clinical research focusing on the correlation between cortical bone thickness and primary/secondary stability of dental fixtures. To predict successful outcome of prosthetic treatment, quantification of bone density at the osteotomy site is, in general, taken into account, with little attention being paid to assessment of the thickness of cortical bone. Nevertheless, local variations in bone structure (including cortical thickness) could explain differences in clinical practice with regard to implantation success, marginal bone resorption or anchorage loss. Current knowledge is preliminarily detailed, while tentatively identifying which inconclusive or unexplored aspects merit further investigation.

Comparative Risk of Bleeding of Anticoagulant Therapy with Vitamin K Antagonists (VKAs) and with Non-Vitamin K Antagonists in Patients Undergoing Dental Surgery

Objectives: A wide variety of approaches have been proposed to manage anticoagulant drugs in patients undergoing dental surgery; vitamin K antagonists and novel direct oral anticoagulants have been used. The present study aims to explore the existing evidence concerning the management of patients in anticoagulant therapy undergoing oral surgery procedures and to give suggestions related to peri- and post-operative measures. Materials and methods: A comprehensive search of databases was conducted to identify studies that evaluated the relationship between direct oral anticoagulants and dental procedures. The present scoping review was realized in adherence with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. The publications varied from randomized controlled trials (RCT) to cohort trials. Only articles written in English language and published between 2000 to 2020 were screened. The studies were included if discussing the management of a patient in anticoagulant therapy (warfarin or direct oral anticoagulants) scheduled for tooth extraction. Results: 33 studies were selected and included in the qualitative review. Nineteen considered anticoagulant therapy with warfarin, six considered anticoagulant therapy with new oral anticoagulants and eight compared patients taking warfarin with patients taking direct oral anticoagulants. Conclusions: No case of extractive surgery should alter the posology of the drug: thromboembolic risks derived from discontinuation are heavier than hemorrhagic risks. Clinical relevance: direct oral anticoagulants are safer in terms of bleeding and manageability and bleeding episodes are manageable with local hemostatic measures.