scholarly journals Holling meets habitat selection: functional response of large herbivores revisited

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Dupke ◽  
Anne Peters ◽  
Nicolas Morellet ◽  
Marco Heurich
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Selection ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Functional Response ◽  
Discrete Choice Models ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Large Herbivores ◽  
Land Cover Types ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Background Holling (Can Entomol 91(5):293–320, 1959) was the first to describe a functional response between a predator’s consumption-rate and the density of its prey. The same concept can be applied to the habitat selection of herbivores, specifically, the change in relative habitat use with the change in habitat availability. Functional responses in habitat selection at a home-range scale have been reported for several large herbivores. However, a link to Holling’s original functional response types has never been drawn, although it could replace the current phenomenological view with a more mechanistically based understanding of functional responses. Methods In this study, discrete choice models were implemented as mixed-effects baseline-category logit models to analyze the variation in habitat selection of a large herbivore at seasonal and diurnal scales. Thus, changes in the use of land cover types with respect to their availability were investigated by monitoring 11 land cover types commonly used by roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in the Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany. Functional response curves were then fitted using Holling’s formulas. Results Strong evidence of non-linear functional responses was obtained for almost all of the examined land cover types. The shape of the functional response curves varied depending on the season, the time of day, and in some cases between sexes. These responses could be referenced to Holling’s types, with a predominance of type II. Conclusions Our results indicate that Holling’s types can be applied to describe general patterns of the habitat selection behavior of herbivores. Functional responses in habitat selection may occur in situations requiring a trade-off in the selection of land cover types offering different resources, such as due to the temporally varying physiological needs of herbivores. Moreover, two associated parameters defining the curves (prey density and predation rate) can aid in the identification of temporal variations and in determinations of the strength of the cost-benefit ratio for a specific land cover type. Application of our novel approach, using Holling’s equations to describe functional responses in the habitat selection of herbivores, will allow the assignment of general land cover attraction values, independent of availability, thus facilitating the identification of suitable habitats.

scholarly journals Holling Meets Habitat Selection - Functional Response of Large Herbivores Revisited

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Dupke ◽  
Anne Peters ◽  
Nicolas Morellet ◽  
Marco Heurich
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Selection ◽  
Habitat Use ◽  
Functional Response ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Habitat Availability ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Large Herbivores ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Background: Holling (1959) was the first to describe a functional response between a predator’s consumption-rate and the density of its prey. The same concept may be applied to the habitat selection of herbivores, by considering the change in relative habitat use with the change in habitat availability. Functional responses in habitat selection at a home-range scale has been reported for several large herbivores. However, a link to Holling’s original functional response types has never been drawn despite its potential to understand availability dependence in habitat selection more profoundly. Methods: Discrete choice models were implemented as mixed-effects baseline-category logit models to analyze the variation in habitat selection of a large herbivore over seasonal and diurnal scales. Specifically, changes in habitat use with respect to habitat availability were investigated by monitoring 11 habitat types commonly used by roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus ) in the Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany. Functional response curves were then fitted using Holling’s formulas. Results: Strong evidence of non-linear functional responses was obtained for almost all of the examined habitat types. The shape of the functional response curves varied depending on the season, time of day and in some cases between sexes. These responses could be referenced to Holling’s types, with a predominance of type II.Conclusions: Our results indicate that Holling’s types could be applied to describe general patterns in habitat selection behaviour of herbivores. Functional response in habitat selection may occur in situations of trade-off in the selection of habitats offering different resources, due to temporally varying physiological needs of herbivores. Moreover, the two associated parameters defining the curves helps to identify the temporal variations and clarify how strongly the cost-to-benefit ratio is pronounced for a specific habitat. The presented novel approach of using Holling’s equations to describe functional response in habitat selection of herbivores could be used for assigning general habitat attraction values, independent of habitat availability, which might facilitate the identification of suitable habitats.

scholarly journals Revisiting the functional response in habitat selection for large herbivores: a matter of spatial variation in resource distribution?

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1725-1733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine Duparc ◽  
Mathieu Garel ◽  
Pascal Marchand ◽  
Dominique Dubray ◽  
Daniel Maillard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Habitat Selection ◽  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Functional Response ◽  
Resource Distribution ◽  
Habitat Characteristics ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Large Herbivores ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Most habitats are distributed heterogeneously in space, forcing animals to move according to both habitat characteristics and their needs for energy and safety. Animal space use should therefore vary according to habitat characteristics, a process known as the “functional response” in habitat selection. This response has often been tested vis-à-vis the proportion of a habitat category within areas available to individuals. Measuring sought-after resources in landscape where they are continuously distributed is a challenge and we posit here that both the mean availability of a resource and its spatial variation should be measured. Accordingly, we tested for a functional response in habitat selection according to these two descriptors of the resource available for a mountain herbivore. We hypothesized that selection should decrease with mean value of resources available and increase with its spatial variation. Based on GPS data from 50 chamois females and data on the actual foodscape (i.e., distribution of edible-only biomass in the landscape), we estimated individual selection ratio (during summer months) for biomass at the home range level, comparing edible biomass in individual home ranges and the mean and standard deviation of edible biomass in their available range. Chamois being a group-living species, available accessible ranges were shared by several individuals that formed socio-spatial groups (clusters) in the population. As expected, selection ratios increased with the standard deviation of edible resources in each cluster, but unlike our prediction, was unrelated to its mean. Selection of areas richer in resources hence did not fade away when more resources were available on average, a result that may be explained by the need for this capital breeder species to accumulate fat-reserve at a high rate during summer months. Low spatial variation could limit the selection of chamois, which highlights the importance of resource distribution in the process of habitat selection.

THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FUNCTIONAL RESPONSES: EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND STATISTICAL INTERPRETATION

1985 ◽  
Vol 117 (5) ◽  
pp. 617-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn A. Houck ◽  
Richard E. Strauss
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Functional Response ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Method ◽  
Graphical Method ◽  
Predation Rate ◽  
Likelihood Method ◽  
Statistical Interpretation ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
The Comparative Study

AbstractMathematical discussions of models of functional response (predation rate as a function of prey density) have usually emphasized description of the shape of the functional-response curve. However, lack of congruence between experimental design and data analysis and under-utilization of appropriate statistical methods of analysis have hindered an empirical synthetic treatment of such feeding behavior. Here we review existing experimental and statistical procedures with reference to Holling's generalized model of functional response, and describe: (1) an experimental design compatible with the assumptions of the model; (2) a maximum-likelihood method for fitting the model; (3) several methods for statistical comparison of sets of functional-response curves; and (4) an exploratory graphical method for examining patterns of variation among larger numbers of samples.

Estimation of Functional Responses of Predators on Juvenile Salmon

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 797-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall M. Peterman ◽  
Marino Gatto
Keyword(s):  
Functional Response ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Response Component ◽  
Predation Mortality ◽  
Salmon Fry ◽  
Salmon Population

Several studies have shown that predators can eat large portions (up to 85%) of emerging salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) fry populations. To understand salmon population dynamics and the effect of salmon enhancement projects, it is necessary to determine how present predation mortality varies with prey density. To predict the shape of this relation outside the range of past observations, we must examine the basic components of the predation process, the functional and numerical responses. A review of past, sparse data on the functional response component shows that predators of salmon fry and smolts were mostly not being saturated (i.e. maximum attack rates were not being achieved) at high prey densities. A method to estimate functional responses from certain types of existing field data is derived and applied to Hooknose Creek pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) and chum salmon (O. keta) information. Results from 7 out of 9 yr corroborate earlier observations that predators are normally operating on the low end of their functional response curves and are therefore capable of causing high mortality on larger prey populations. Also, competition among predators is demonstrated to be significant, resulting in changes in slopes of functional responses. More experimental studies of functional responses are needed, and such research should be carried out in conjunction with perturbations in salmon fry abundance which will result from enhancement projects. Key words: salmon fry, predation, freshwater survival, enhancement, functional response, predator competition

scholarly journals Selection of suitable predatory mites against, Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae) using relative control potential metrics and functional response

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Asif Qayyoum ◽  
Zi-Wei Song ◽  
Bilal Saeed Khan ◽  
Muhammad Irfan Akram ◽  
Muhammad Zeeshan Shabbir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Response ◽  
Handling Time ◽  
Predatory Mites ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Control Potential ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Neoseiulus Cucumeris ◽  
Panonychus Citri ◽  
Biological Control Potential ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Background Selection of suitable predators for the control of the spider mite, Panonychus citri is always a challenge due to the lack of their reliable predicted efficacy. In this laboratory study, biological control potential of Neoseiulus californicus, N. cucumeris and Scapulaseius newsami, against P. citri using the “Relative Control Potential” (RCP) metric to compare their efficacies was evaluated. The functional response type was determined at different prey densities (after 24 h). Results The type II functional responses were observed from all the tested predators feeding on 3 different life stages of P. citri, except N. cucumeris, which was fed only on eggs. All predatory mites preferred eggs of P. citri with a higher attack rate (1.397) in N. cucumeris, followed by N. californicus (1.238) and S. newsami (0.975). Handling time was also lower in N. cucumeris than other mites, with a trend as: for N. cucumeris, eggs > adults > immature stages; for N. californicus, immature stages > eggs > adults, while for S. newsami, eggs > immature stages > adults. The integration of greenhouse abundance and fecundity (%) data resulted in a higher RCP for N. cucumeris than other predators. Conclusion Neoseiulus cucumeris was selected as the most suitable predatory mite for the control of P. citri with a higher RCP and potential to maximum reproduction. S. newsami, which was used for the first time, gave almost similar results compared to N. californicus but with lower efficacy.

Persistence and Stability of a Food Chain Model with Mixed Selection of Functional Responses

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Maiti ◽  
B. Patra ◽  
G. P. Samanta
Keyword(s):  
Food Web ◽  
Functional Response ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Chain Model ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Interacting Species ◽  
Important Object ◽  
Food Chain Model ◽  
Selection Of

One approach to the study of an ecological community begins with an important object: its food web. Theoretical studies of food web must contend with the question of how to couple the large number of interacting species. One line of investigation assumes that the “building blocks” are species interacting in a pairwise fashion. The model we analyze in this paper describes a tritrophic food chain composed of logistic prey, a classical Lotka-Volterra functional response for prey and predator, and a Holling type-II functional response for predator and superpredator. Dynamical behaviours such as boundedness, stability, persistence, bifurcation et cetera of the model are studied critically. Computer simulations are carried out to explain the analytical findings. Finally it is discussed how these ideas illuminate some of the observed properties of real populations in the field, and explores practical implications.

scholarly journals Sound settlement: noise surpasses land cover in explaining breeding habitat selection of secondary cavity-nesting birds

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 260-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan J. Kleist ◽  
Robert P. Guralnick ◽  
Alexander Cruz ◽  
Clinton D. Francis
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Selection ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Breeding Habitat ◽  
Cavity Nesting ◽  
Selection Of

Functional Responses of Three Candidate Asian Larval Parasitoids Evaluated for Classical Biological Control of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingeng Wang ◽  
Antonio Biondi ◽  
Kent M Daane
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Functional Response ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Type I ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Hymenopteran Parasitoids ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Drosophila suzukii has become a key invasive pest of soft- and thin-skinned fruit crops in its invaded regions in Europe and Americas, where naturally occurring natural enemies are generally not effective for the suppression of this pest or largely absent such as larval-attacking parasitoids. As a part of systematic evaluations of candidate agents for classical biological control of this invasive pest, we evaluated the functional responses of three Asian-native larval hymenopteran parasitoids, Asobara japonica (Braconidae), Ganaspis brasiliensis, and Leptopilina japonica (both Figitidae) to D. suzukii or Drosophila melanogaster (A. japonica only) larvae. Host larval densities were 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40 larvae per test for A. japonica and 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, or 42 larvae per test for G. brasiliensis or L. japonica. Host larvae were provided in standard artificial diet in tubes for a 24-h exposure to individual female parasitoids under the quarantine conditions (23°C). All three parasitoids showed a linear (type I) functional response to the tested host densities. Host species (for A. japonica only) did not affect the number of hosts parasitized or the functional response. Asobara japonica was more efficient than either figitid in terms of the searching efficiency while L. japonica preformed slightly better than G. brasiliensis under the tested conditions. The results are discussed with respect to the selection of parasitoid species to be released in North America and Europe to suppress D. suzukii.

Comparison of Functional Response and Mutual Interference Between Two Aphelinid Parasitoids of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoil M. Greenberg ◽  
Benjamin C. Legaspi ◽  
Walker A. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Functional Response ◽  
Handling Time ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Mutual Interference ◽  
Host Feeding ◽  
Bemisia Argentifolii ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Eretmocerus Mundus ◽  
Type Ii Functional Response

Functional responses and mutual interference were compared in an indigenous parasitoid, Encarsia pergandiella Howard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), with that of an exotic parasitoid, Eretmocerus mundus Mercet (Aphelinidae) from Spain, attacking the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Type II functional response curves were fitted to the data and were used to calculate handling time. Eretmocerus mundus attacked more whitefly nymphs than E. pergandiella. Handling times estimated from the functional responses were 72 min for E. pergandiella and 12 min for E. mundus, suggesting that lower attack rates for the former parasitoid may be attributed to longer handling times. The statistically estimated handling time for E. mundus was compared with an estimate derived from empirical observations of parasitoid behavior. Actual observations of handling time, defined as oviposition, host feeding and associated preening, yielded a mean handling time of <2 min, suggesting that functional response experiments may not produce reliable estimates of handling time. The mutual interference coefficient m of E. mundus was numerically higher than that for E. pergandiella (0.238 vs 0.184, respectively). Although there were no significant differences in m, the comparison raises the interesting question of whether parasitoids with higher attack rates may also have higher levels of mutual interference under conditions of high parasitoid density (e.g., mass rearing).

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