scholarly journals The effect of expertise, target usefulness and image structure on visual search

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel G. Robson ◽  
Jason M. Tangen ◽  
Rachel A. Searston
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Target Feature ◽  
Perceptual Training ◽  
Specific Domain ◽  
Image Structure ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Extensive Training ◽  
Expert Novice ◽  
Search For Information

AbstractExperts outperform novices on many cognitive and perceptual tasks. Extensive training has tuned experts to the most relevant information in their specific domain, allowing them to make decisions quickly and accurately. We compared a group of fingerprint examiners to a group of novices on their ability to search for information in fingerprints across two experiments—one where participants searched for target features within a single fingerprint and another where they searched for points of difference between two fingerprints. In both experiments, we also varied how useful the target feature was and whether participants searched for these targets in a typical fingerprint or one that had been scrambled. Experts more efficiently located targets when searching for them in intact but not scrambled fingerprints. In Experiment 1, we also found that experts more efficiently located target features classified as more useful compared to novices, but this expert-novice difference was not present when the target feature was classified as less useful. The usefulness of the target may therefore have influenced the search strategies that participants used, and the visual search advantages that experts display appear to depend on their vast experience with visual regularity in fingerprints. These results align with a domain-specific account of expertise and suggest that perceptual training ought to involve learning to attend to task-critical features.

scholarly journals The effect of expertise, target usefulness and domain-specificity on visual search

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Gebhard Robson ◽  
Jason Marcus Tangen ◽  
Rachel A Searston
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Domain Specificity ◽  
Target Feature ◽  
Perceptual Training ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Extensive Training

People who have had extensive training in a domain perform far better on many perceptual tasks than those without any training. Perceptual experts tend to constrain their attention to features that will enable them to make decisions quickly and accurately, and time and again their expertise is shown to be domain-specific. We compared a group of fingerprint examiners to a group of novices on their visual search ability across two experiments – one where participants searched for corresponding features and another where they searched for points of difference. We varied how useful the target feature was and whether participants searched for these targets in a typical fingerprint or one that had been scrambled. In both instances, the experts more efficiently located target fragments (or changes) when searching for them in intact fingerprints, but not scrambled fingerprints. In Experiment 1, experts more efficiently located useful target fragments compared to novices, but not less useful fragments. Even though the nature of the task may influence the strategies that participants use, the visual search advantages that experts enjoy appear to hinge on a sensitivity to what is useful and on the structural regularities of their domain. These results align with a domain-specific account of expertise and suggest that perceptual training ought to involve learning to attend to task-critical features.

scholarly journals Pattern similarity in the frontoparietal control network reflects an "off-veridical" template that optimizes target-match decisions during visual search

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinger Yu ◽  
Joy J. Geng
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Control Network ◽  
Target Feature ◽  
Lateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Probe Task ◽  
Target Template ◽  
Pattern Similarity ◽  
Frontoparietal Control Network

Theories of attention hypothesize the existence of an "attentional" or "target" template that contains task-relevant information in memory when searching for an object. The target template contributes to visual search by directing visual attention towards potential targets and serving as a decisional boundary for target identification. However, debate still exists regarding how template information is stored in the human brain. Here, we conducted a pattern-based fMRI study to assess how template information is encoded to optimize target-match decisions during visual search. To ensure that match decisions reflect visual search demands, we used a visual search paradigm in which all distractors were linearly separable but highly similar to the target and were known to shift the target representation away from the distractor features (Yu & Geng, 2019). In a separate match-to-sample probe task, we measured the target representation used for match decisions across two resting state networks that have long been hypothesized to maintain and control target information: the frontoparietal control network (FPCN) and the visual network (VisN). Our results showed that lateral prefrontal cortex in FPCN maintained the context-dependent "off-veridical" template; in contrast, VisN encoded a veridical copy of the target feature during match decisions. By using behavioral drift diffusion modeling, we verified that the decision criterion during visual search and the probe task relied on a common biased target template. Taken together, our results suggest that sensory-veridical information is transformed in lateral prefrontal cortex into an adaptive code of target-relevant information that optimizes decision processes during visual search.

Scientific Problem Solving in a Virtual Laboratory: A Comparison Between Individuals and Pairs

2008 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yolanda A. Métrailler ◽  
Ester Reijnen ◽  
Cornelia Kneser ◽  
Klaus Opwis
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Scientific Problem ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Scientific Problem Solving ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Verbal Data ◽  
Psychological Knowledge ◽  
Problem Solving Task

This study compared individuals with pairs in a scientific problem-solving task. Participants interacted with a virtual psychological laboratory called Virtue to reason about a visual search theory. To this end, they created hypotheses, designed experiments, and analyzed and interpreted the results of their experiments in order to discover which of five possible factors affected the visual search process. Before and after their interaction with Virtue, participants took a test measuring theoretical and methodological knowledge. In addition, process data reflecting participants’ experimental activities and verbal data were collected. The results showed a significant but equal increase in knowledge for both groups. We found differences between individuals and pairs in the evaluation of hypotheses in the process data, and in descriptive and explanatory statements in the verbal data. Interacting with Virtue helped all students improve their domain-specific and domain-general psychological knowledge.

scholarly journals Visual Search and Conflict Mitigation Strategies Used by Expert en Route Air Traffic Controllers

Aerospace ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 170
Author(s):  
Ricardo Palma Fraga ◽  
Ziho Kang ◽  
Jerry M. Crutchfield ◽  
Saptarshi Mandal
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Air Traffic Control ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Air Traffic Controllers ◽  
Search Patterns ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Conflict Mitigation

The role of the en route air traffic control specialist (ATCS) is vital to maintaining safety and efficiency within the National Airspace System (NAS). ATCSs must vigilantly scan the airspace under their control and adjacent airspaces using an En Route Automation Modernization (ERAM) radar display. The intent of this research is to provide an understanding of the expert controller visual search and aircraft conflict mitigation strategies that could be used as scaffolding methods during ATCS training. Interviews and experiments were conducted to elicit visual scanning and conflict mitigation strategies from the retired controllers who were employed as air traffic control instructors. The interview results were characterized and classified using various heuristics. In particular, representative visual scanpaths were identified, which accord with the interview results of the visual search strategies. The highlights of our findings include: (1) participants used systematic search patterns, such as circular, spiral, linear or quadrant-based, to extract operation-relevant information; (2) participants applied an information hierarchy when aircraft information was cognitively processed (altitude -> direction -> speed); (3) altitude or direction changes were generally preferred over speed changes when imminent potential conflicts were mitigated. Potential applications exist in the implementation of the findings into the training curriculum of candidates.

Automatic construction of academic profile: A case of information science domain

2021 ◽  
pp. 016555152199804
Author(s):  
Qian Geng ◽  
Ziang Chuai ◽  
Jian Jin
Keyword(s):  
Information Science ◽  
Binary Classification ◽  
Learning To Rank ◽  
Semantic Distance ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Training Dataset ◽  
Initial Vector ◽  
Specific Domain ◽  
Adaboost Algorithm ◽  
Domain Specific

To provide junior researchers with domain-specific concepts efficiently, an automatic approach for academic profiling is needed. First, to obtain personal records of a given scholar, typical supervised approaches often utilise structured data like infobox in Wikipedia as training dataset, but it may lead to a severe mis-labelling problem when they are utilised to train a model directly. To address this problem, a new relation embedding method is proposed for fine-grained entity typing, in which the initial vector of entities and a new penalty scheme are considered, based on the semantic distance of entities and relations. Also, to highlight critical concepts relevant to renowned scholars, scholars’ selective bibliographies which contain massive academic terms are analysed by a newly proposed extraction method based on logistic regression, AdaBoost algorithm and learning-to-rank techniques. It bridges the gap that conventional supervised methods only return binary classification results and fail to help researchers understand the relative importance of selected concepts. Categories of experiments on academic profiling and corresponding benchmark datasets demonstrate that proposed approaches outperform existing methods notably. The proposed techniques provide an automatic way for junior researchers to obtain organised knowledge in a specific domain, including scholars’ background information and domain-specific concepts.

scholarly journals When more is more: redundant modifiers can facilitate visual search

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwendolyn Rehrig ◽  
Reese A. Cullimore ◽  
John M. Henderson ◽  
Fernanda Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Real World ◽  
Search Space ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Target Object ◽  
Search Performance ◽  
Redundant Information ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Target Template ◽  
Template Specificity

Abstract According to the Gricean Maxim of Quantity, speakers provide the amount of information listeners require to correctly interpret an utterance, and no more (Grice in Logic and conversation, 1975). However, speakers do tend to violate the Maxim of Quantity often, especially when the redundant information improves reference precision (Degen et al. in Psychol Rev 127(4):591–621, 2020). Redundant (non-contrastive) information may facilitate real-world search if it narrows the spatial scope under consideration, or improves target template specificity. The current study investigated whether non-contrastive modifiers that improve reference precision facilitate visual search in real-world scenes. In two visual search experiments, we compared search performance when perceptually relevant, but non-contrastive modifiers were included in the search instruction. Participants (NExp. 1 = 48, NExp. 2 = 48) searched for a unique target object following a search instruction that contained either no modifier, a location modifier (Experiment 1: on the top left, Experiment 2: on the shelf), or a color modifier (the black lamp). In Experiment 1 only, the target was located faster when the verbal instruction included either modifier, and there was an overall benefit of color modifiers in a combined analysis for scenes and conditions common to both experiments. The results suggest that violations of the Maxim of Quantity can facilitate search when the violations include task-relevant information that either augments the target template or constrains the search space, and when at least one modifier provides a highly reliable cue. Consistent with Degen et al. (2020), we conclude that listeners benefit from non-contrastive information that improves reference precision, and engage in rational reference comprehension. Significance statement This study investigated whether providing more information than someone needs to find an object in a photograph helps them to find that object more easily, even though it means they need to interpret a more complicated sentence. Before searching a scene, participants were either given information about where the object would be located in the scene, what color the object was, or were only told what object to search for. The results showed that providing additional information helped participants locate an object in an image more easily only when at least one piece of information communicated what part of the scene the object was in, which suggests that more information can be beneficial as long as that information is specific and helps the recipient achieve a goal. We conclude that people will pay attention to redundant information when it supports their task. In practice, our results suggest that instructions in other contexts (e.g., real-world navigation, using a smartphone app, prescription instructions, etc.) can benefit from the inclusion of what appears to be redundant information.

Self-Perceived Creativity

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shulamith Kreitler ◽  
Hernan Casakin
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
Experimental Task ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Specific Domain ◽  
Specific Product ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Design Representation ◽  
Design Requirements ◽  
Small Museum ◽  
Very High

In view of unclear previous findings about the validity of self-assessed creativity, the hypothesis guiding the present study was that validity would be proven if self-assessed creativity was examined with respect to a specific domain, specific product, specific aspects of creativity, and in terms of specific criteria. The participants were 52 architecture students. The experimental task was to design a small museum in a described context. After completing the task, the students self-assessed their creativity in designing with seven open-ended questions, the Self-Assessment of Creative Design questionnaire, and a list of seven items tapping affective metacognitive aspects of the designing process. Thus, 21 creativity indicators were formed. Four expert architects, working independently, assessed the designs on nine creativity indicators: fluency, flexibility, elaboration, functionality, innovation, fulfilling specified design requirements, considering context, mastery of skills concerning the esthetics of the design representation, and overall creativity. The agreement among the architects’ evaluations was very high. The correlations between the nine corresponding indicators in students’ assessment of their design and those of the experts were positive and significant with respect to three indicators: fluency, flexibility, and overall creativity. On the contrary, the correlations of the rest noncorresponding indicators with those of the experts were not significant. The findings support the validity of self-assessed creativity with specific restrictions.

scholarly journals Effects of Expertise on Domain-General and Domain- Specific Visual Search

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Matzen ◽  
Michael Haass ◽  
Austin Silva ◽  
Michael Trumbo ◽  
Susan Stevens-Adams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Domain Specific

Assessment of The Digestive System Malignancy Information in Wikipedia and Baidu Encyclopedia: Longitudinal Study (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianchen Luo ◽  
Jing Ma ◽  
Liangliang Xu ◽  
Lian Li ◽  
Ming Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digestive System ◽  
Medical Information ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Medical Professional ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Treatment Information ◽  
International Statistical Classification ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Search For Information

BACKGROUND The Internet has gradually become the most important way for people to search for information. Increasing number of people searched for relevant information or even treatment plans on the Internet when they get health problem. The reliability of the medical information provided online remains to be proved. Wikipedia and Baidu Encyclopedia are the most widely used search engines in English and Chinese, respectively. The quality of the medical information they provide needs to be assessed. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the quality and timeliness of medical information related with digestive system malignancy retrieved from Wikipedia and Baidu Encyclopedia. Comparison was made between the 2 encyclopedias. We conducted a 3-year follow-up to find out if the quality and timeliness of articles improved. METHODS We conducted a search based on International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision Version 2016 codes in Wikipedia and Baidu Encyclopedia, and evaluated articles related to digestive system malignancy by using the DISCERN instrument. We calculated the update interval of the webpages to evaluate the update timeliness of these websites. RESULTS In 2017 and 2020, we searched out a total of 50 and 52 articles from Baidu Encyclopedia, with 2 articles increased and no article missed. 30 and 32 articles were found in Wikipedia, with 1 article increased and no article missed. According to the scores evaluated by DISCERN instrument. In both 2017 and 2020, Wikipedia scored higher than Baidu Encyclopedia in section1 and section2, and it's statistically significant. Wikipedia scored higher than Baidu Encyclopedia in Section3, but it's not statistically significant. The total score of Wikipedia was higher than Baidu Encyclopedia, and the difference was statistically significant. The update interval of Wikipedia is shorter than that of Baidu Encyclopedia, with better timeliness and statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS The quality and timeliness of digestive system malignancy relative articles on Wikipedia are better than those on Baidu Encyclopedia. Both Baidu Encyclopedia and Wikipedia articles have improved in quality over the past three years. However, the treatment information obtained from the Internet still can’t guarantee its comprehensiveness or reliability. Patients should consult a medical professional directly.

Giftedness from the perspective of research on genius: Some precautionary implications

2021 ◽  
pp. 026142942110463
Author(s):  
Dean Keith Simonton
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Specific Domain ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Empirical Relations ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Iq Tests

The terms giftedness and genius entered the research literature in the 19th century. Although not synonymous, both terms were defined according to potential or actual achievement in a specific domain. However, in the early 20th century, both terms became defined according to performance on domain-generic IQ tests. Given the empirical relations between achievement and intelligence, this transfer of meaning is unjustified. Both giftedness and genius must be defined with respect to potential or actual domain-specific achievements.

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