IP AND RESISTIVITY TYPE CURVES FOR THREE‐DIMENSIONAL BODIES

Geophysics ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Dieter ◽  
N. R. Paterson ◽  
F. S. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Arbitrary Shape ◽  
Apparent Resistivity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spherical Shape ◽  
The Body ◽  
Electrode Arrays ◽  
Method Of Least Squares ◽  
Straightforward Manner ◽  
Type Curves ◽  
Actual Field

A new method for calculating anomaly patterns and type curves of apparent resistivity and apparent chargeability over three‐dimensional bodies imbedded in a half‐space is practicable. The solution of the boundary‐value problem for a point source of current near a body of arbitrary shape in the form of an inhomogeneous integral equation is solved numerically by the method of least squares. The solution is then used to construct the apparent resistivity and apparent chargeability functions for three and four‐electrode arrays in the vicinity of the body in a straightforward manner. Type curves show the application to an actual field example. Finally, some simple, direct aids for interpreting anomalies over mineralized zones of compact (i.e. roughly spherical) shape result. This study represents the results of the first phase of a continuing program of research into resistivity and IP interpretation theory.

THREE‐DIMENSIONAL RESISTIVITY AND INDUCED‐POLARIZATION MODELING USING BURIED ELECTRODES

Geophysics ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 1006-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J. Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Apparent Resistivity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Equipotential Surface ◽  
Induced Polarization ◽  
The Body ◽  
Surface Electrode ◽  
Surface Integral ◽  
Drill Holes ◽  
Resistivity Modeling

The three‐dimensional induced‐polarization and resistivity‐modeling problem for buried source and receiver electrodes is solved by using a modified form of Barnett’s surface‐integral technique originally developed for surface‐electrode configurations. Six different buried electrode configurations are considered in this study: three types of hole‐to‐hole configurations, hole‐to‐surface and surface‐to‐hole configurations, and the single hole (bipole‐bipole) configuration. Results show there is no “best” method for all situations encountered in the field. The choice of method depends upon depth of the body, spacing of drill holes, and electrical properties of the body. In hole‐to‐hole measurements, the geometric factor (necessary for the computation of the apparent resistivity) becomes infinitely large or infinitely small whenever the receiving bipole is placed at a depth so that it lies on a zero equipotential surface. This leads to the formation of apparent resistivity anomalies that are extremely sensitive to the presence of the body but that are also complicated and not easily correlated with the position of the body. It is shown that diagnostic and easily interpretable anomalies are obtained by selecting the proper source‐receiver configurations.

A Method for Computing the Three-Dimensional Angular Velocity and Acceleration of a Body Segment From Three-Dimensional Position Data

1990 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Verstraete ◽  
R. W. Soutas-Little
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Position Vector ◽  
Body Segment ◽  
Method Of Least Squares ◽  
System Noise ◽  
Position Data ◽  
Soft Tissue Motion ◽  
Tissue Motion

A theoretical technique, based on the Method of Least Squares, was employed to solve for the three-dimensional components of the angular velocity and acceleration of a limb segment directly from experimentally recorded three-dimensional position data. Results showed that a minimum of four targets placed on the body segment, forming six relative position vector equations, were required to produce the most accurate results. It was also found that this method eliminates the errors due to soft tissue motion and system noise.

On sensitivity of surface‐to‐borehole resistivity measurements to the attitude and the depth to center of a three‐dimensional spheroid

Geophysics ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 1173-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Yang ◽  
S. H. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Apparent Resistivity ◽  
Current Source ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Resistivity Measurements ◽  
Oblate Body ◽  
A Current

Borehole‐to‐surface and surface‐to‐borehole resistivity measurements are versatile but not totally tested methods for detecting anomalies in the vicinity of a borehole. The former method has been discussed by several authors (Alfano, 1962; Merkel, 1971; Merkel and Alexander, 1971; Barnett, 1972; Snyder and Merkel, 1973; Snyder, 1976; Daniels, 1977, 1978, and 1983), but the latter has not received much attention. Morrison (1971) and Daniels (1977) are among the few who have addressed the problem. Each method has its own advantages. Surface‐to‐borehole resistivity measurements are made by placing a current source on the surface and measuring the apparent resistivity in a borehole in which the measuring electrodes are closer to the body than in the borehole‐to‐surface case. Pilot studies presented here suggest that the surface‐to‐borehole method can provide indicators of the attitude and the depth to the center of a body. This paper illustrates a simple method for qualitatively determining the attitude and the depth to the center of a body for a thin three‐dimensional (3-D) conductive oblate body with the surface‐to‐borehole technique. Attitude conveys the orientation of the body— horizontal, vertical dipping toward a borehole, or dipping away from a borehole.

GRAPHICAL CALCULATION OF TOTAL‐INTENSITY ANOMALIES OF THREE‐DIMENSIONAL BODIES

Geophysics ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 887-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland G. Henderson ◽  
Isidore Zietz
Keyword(s):  
Arbitrary Shape ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Topographic Map ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Orthographic Projection ◽  
Plane Normal ◽  
Graphical Integration ◽  
Graphical Calculation ◽  
Laboratory Models

Calculation of the total‐intensity anomaly of a three‐dimensional body of arbitrary shape is greatly facilitated by the orthographic projection of a topographic map of the body onto a plane normal to the inducing field. The graphical integration is then effected by a modified Gassmann integration process. Applications to theoretical and laboratory models establish the relative accuracy of the method. Examples are given of applications to observed anomalies over two laccoliths, Round Butte and Square Butte, in Montana.

scholarly journals Three‐dimensional mise‐à‐la‐masse modeling applied to mapping fracture zones

Geophysics ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig W. Beasley ◽  
Stanley H. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Apparent Resistivity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Near Miss ◽  
Geothermal System ◽  
Volume Integral ◽  
Fracture Zones ◽  
Current Case ◽  
Similar Shape

A numerical scheme applying the method of volume integral equations has been developed for borehole‐to‐borehole and borehole‐to‐surface modeling of the apparent resistivity response of a thin conductive body in a half‐space; the inhomogeneity simulates a fracture zone in a geothermal system. The algorithm is applicable for the direct‐current case when the buried electrode is either inside (mise‐à‐la‐masse) or outside (near‐miss) the body. In implementing the scheme, the integral equation is transformed into a matrix equation as a result of discretizing the inhomogeneity into rectangular cells. All physical properties are assumed constant within each cell. The rectangular cells are used through‐out execution of the algorithm. The computed surface and subsurface apparent resistivity responses are examined for bodies of similar shape and size but with different orientations: (1) vertical, (2) horizontal, (3) dipping at 60 degrees, and (4) dipping at 30 degrees. The four bodies produce apparent resistivity cross‐section plots which differ little from each other except in orientation. Varying the depth to the top of a body does not significantly alter the subsurface apparent resistivity response in the vicinity of the body. In both section and plan views, estimates of orientation, areal extent, and dip can often be made. The maximum depth at which a body can be located and still produce a detectable surface anomaly is dependent upon the position of the buried electrode and upon the contrast in conductivity. Locating the buried electrode just outside the body does not significantly alter the results from those when the electrode is embedded in the inhomogeneity. However, the similarity between the results of these two cases decreases as the distance between the electrode and the body is increased.

Scanning electron microscopy of freeze-fractured prescapular lymph node of caprine

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 244-245
Author(s):  
O. Faroon ◽  
F. Al-Bagdadi ◽  
T. G. Snider ◽  
C. Titkemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Lymphatic System ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
The Body ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Cellular Constituent ◽  
Scanning Electron

The lymphatic system is very important in the immunological activities of the body. Clinicians confirm the diagnosis of infectious diseases by palpating the involved cutaneous lymph node for changes in size, heat, and consistency. Clinical pathologists diagnose systemic diseases through biopsies of superficial lymph nodes. In many parts of the world the goat is considered as an important source of milk and meat products.The lymphatic system has been studied extensively. These studies lack precise information on the natural morphology of the lymph nodes and their vascular and cellular constituent. This is due to using improper technique for such studies. A few studies used the SEM, conducted by cutting the lymph node with a blade. The morphological data collected by this method are artificial and do not reflect the normal three dimensional surface of the examined area of the lymph node. SEM has been used to study the lymph vessels and lymph nodes of different animals. No information on the cutaneous lymph nodes of the goat has ever been collected using the scanning electron microscope.

Clinical Utility of an Exoskeleton Robot Using 3-Dimensional Scanner Modeling in Burn Patient: A Case Report

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
So Young Joo ◽  
Seung Yeol Lee ◽  
Yoon Soo Cho ◽  
Sangho Yi ◽  
Cheong Hoon Seo
Keyword(s):  
Burn Injury ◽  
Hand Function ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
3D Technology ◽  
Early Management ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Exoskeleton Robot ◽  
Physical Abilities ◽  
Upper Limb Dysfunction

Abstract Hands are the part of the body that are most commonly involved in burns, and the main complications are finger joint contractures and nerve injuries. Hypertrophic scarring cannot be avoided despite early management of acute hand burn injuries, and some patients may need application of an exoskeleton robot to restore hand function. To do this, it is essential to individualize the customization of the robot for each patient. Three-dimensional (3D) technology, which is widely used in the field of implants, anatomical models, and tissue fabrication, makes this goal achievable. Therefore, this report is a study on the usefulness of an exoskeleton robot using 3D technology for patients who lost bilateral hand function due to burn injury. Our subject was a 45-year-old man with upper limb dysfunction of 560 days after a flame and chemical burn injury, with resultant impairment of manual physical abilities. After wearing an exoskeleton robot made using 3D printing technology, he could handle objects effectively and satisfactorily. This innovative approach provided considerable advantages in terms of customization of size and reduction in manufacturing time and costs, thereby showing great potential for use in patients with hand dysfunction after burn injury.

scholarly journals Virtual Archaeology of Death and Burial: A Procedure for Integrating 3D Visualization and Analysis in Archaeothanatology

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 540-555
Author(s):  
Hayley L. Mickleburgh ◽  
Liv Nilsson Stutz ◽  
Harry Fokkens
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
3D Visualization ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
The Body ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Archaeology Of Death ◽  
Human Burials ◽  
3D Information

Abstract The reconstruction of past mortuary rituals and practices increasingly incorporates analysis of the taphonomic history of the grave and buried body, using the framework provided by archaeothanatology. Archaeothanatological analysis relies on interpretation of the three-dimensional (3D) relationship of bones within the grave and traditionally depends on elaborate written descriptions and two-dimensional (2D) images of the remains during excavation to capture this spatial information. With the rapid development of inexpensive 3D tools, digital replicas (3D models) are now commonly available to preserve 3D information on human burials during excavation. A procedure developed using a test case to enhance archaeothanatological analysis and improve post-excavation analysis of human burials is described. Beyond preservation of static spatial information, 3D visualization techniques can be used in archaeothanatology to reconstruct the spatial displacement of bones over time, from deposition of the body to excavation of the skeletonized remains. The purpose of the procedure is to produce 3D simulations to visualize and test archaeothanatological hypotheses, thereby augmenting traditional archaeothanatological analysis. We illustrate our approach with the reconstruction of mortuary practices and burial taphonomy of a Bell Beaker burial from the site of Oostwoud-Tuithoorn, West-Frisia, the Netherlands. This case study was selected as the test case because of its relatively complete context information. The test case shows the potential for application of the procedure to older 2D field documentation, even when the amount and detail of documentation is less than ideal.

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