A Token Economy Project with Chronic Schizophrenic Patients

1974 ◽  
Vol 124 (581) ◽  
pp. 367-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Baker ◽  
John N. Hall ◽  
Keith Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Token Economy ◽  
Tv Viewing ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenic ◽  
Conditioning Theory ◽  
Single Room ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Operant Conditioning Theory ◽  
The Way

The token economy is an application of operant conditioning theory which is particularly relevant to the treatment of patients in institutions. The basic idea is to motivate the patient to behave more appropriately and constructively by giving him tokens whenever he behaves in such a way. The tokens have an incentive function, as the patient can cash them in for a number of different things, such as pleasant single room accommodation, cigarettes, magazines, TV viewing, drinks etc., depending upon what is programmed into the token economy. The theory of operant conditioning is that not only does the token motivate the patient to behave in certain ways, but ‘reinforces' his behaviour. Such reinforced behaviour should eventually become an integral part of the ‘way he is', continuing even when the token is removed.

A Token Economy Ward Programme with Chronic Schizophrenic Patients

1975 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan J. Mumford ◽  
Ian C. Lodge Patch ◽  
Nirmala Andrews ◽  
Lesley Wyner
Keyword(s):  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Token Economy ◽  
Autistic Children ◽  
Token Reinforcement ◽  
Mentally Handicapped ◽  
Behaviour Modification ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenic ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients

The application of techniques of behaviour modification to chronic adult psychiatric in-patients has for the most part been directed towards individual patients, and to specific problems such as hoarding, eating, soiling or speech (Ayllon, 1963; Ayllon and Haughton, 1962, 1964; Ayllon and Michael, 1959; Bachrach et al., 1965; Isaacs et al., 1960; Mertens and Fuller, 1963; Kennedy, 1964; Sherman, 1965). In this country, Baker (1970, 1971) and Kassorla (1968) have reported on the use of operant conditioning in reinstating speech in mute schizophrenics. There have, however, been few British reports relating to groups of patients, for example in wards where nurses have been trained to function as ‘behavioural engineers' (Ayllon and Michael, 1959); whereas Krasner and Attowe (1968) specified no fewer than 200 institutions and individuals in the U.S.A. currently involved in token reinforcement programmes, concerned with disturbed or autistic children, delinquent adolescents and the mentally handicapped; 22 projects involved chronic adult psychiatric in-patients.

Online Shopping for Positive and Negative Reinforcement Products

2004 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Patricia Sorce ◽  
Victor Perotti ◽  
Stanley Widrick
Keyword(s):  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Shopping Behavior ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Conditioning Theory ◽  
Online Shoppers ◽  
Operant Conditioning Theory

The present research applies operant conditioning theory to the question of what products and services consumers will shop for and buy online. Operant conditioning theory explains differences between products that are used to alleviate uncomfortable experiences (negative reinforcement) and those providing enjoyable experiences (positive reinforcement). The preliminary results described in this study confirmed the importance of operant conditioning as a factor in the behavior of online shoppers. For example, when asked to provide an open-ended list of products that they had shopped for, our respondents mentioned products that produce positive reinforcement 476 times versus only four mentions for those that create negative reinforcement. Furthermore, for a list of seventeen common product categories, the results showed that respondents were not only less likely to shop for negative reinforcement products but also even less likely to purchase negative products online than positive products. The results of this exploratory study lay the groundwork for future research by introducing negative and positive reinforcement as a predictor of Internet shopping behavior.

A Behavioural Training Programme for Chronic Schizophrenic Patients

1994 ◽  
Vol 165 (S24) ◽  
pp. 32-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feifei Li ◽  
Mingde Wang
Keyword(s):  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
Token Economy ◽  
Psychiatric Nurses ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Behavioural Treatment ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenic ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Experimental Group

This paper discusses the effectiveness of an in-patient rehabilitation programme administered by nurses that combines life skills training, active encouragement, and a token economy. Fifty-two chronic schizophrenic patients with prominent negative symptoms who had been continuously in hospital for at least a year were randomly assigned to the experimental or control group. The training and associated reinforcement schedule were administered daily to experimental subjects by two specially trained rehabilitation nurses. Control subjects did not receive training or reinforcement but were individually asked to perform the same daily tasks and participate in the same activities as the experimental-group subjects. Patients in both groups received their previous dosage of medication throughout the trial. After three months the severity of negative symptoms, as assessed by blind evaluators, decreased in both groups of subjects, but the improvement in the experimental group was much greater than that in the control group. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of behavioural interventions for chronic schizophrenic in-patients in China and highlight the importance of changing the role of Chinese psychiatric nurses from that of custodians who control patients' behaviour to that of therapists who provide psychological and behavioural treatment.

A Procedure Which Produces Sustained Opiate-Directed Behavior (Morphine Addiction) in the Rat

1963 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 895-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Oral Morphine ◽  
Conditioning Theory ◽  
Morphine Addiction ◽  
Operant Conditioning Theory

Contrary to naive assumption, animals do not show altered behavior toward opiates after injection. However, a procedure, based on operant conditioning theory, is described which produces sustained opiate-directed behavior (oral morphine addiction) in rats. What is believed to be the first demonstration of relapse in animals was obtained with this method. Examples applying this procedure are given and typical results are shown. This procedure is valuable in that it permits direct experimental attack on many otherwise very difficult problems of addiction. The success of this method in producing sustained opiate-directed behavior in animals has significant implications regarding the development of sustained opiate-directed behavior in man.

Activity in chronic schizophrenic patients: comparison of pimozide with fluphenazine in a double blind trial

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. P. Sims ◽  
I. G. Burnside
Keyword(s):  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Crossover Trial ◽  
Double Blind Trial ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Blind Trial ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenic ◽  
Free Operant ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Psychiatric Rating

SynopsisA double-blind crossover trial was carried out comparing pimozide with fluphenazine. The effects of the drugs on the activity of 20 chronic inert male schizophrenic patients were measured using nursing observations, psychiatric rating, and an operant conditioning method. When activity was assessed in these different ways, no significant difference was found between the two drugs on any of the measures. It is concluded that pimozide does not effectively increase the activity in such patients. It is considered that the free operant conditioning method used was shown to be a useful measure for comparing therapy in chronic schizophrenic patients.

A token economy program for chronic schizophrenic patients

1976 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 272-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
LARSGÖRAN ÖST ◽  
LENNART MELIN ◽  
K. GUNNAR GÖTESTAM
Keyword(s):  
Token Economy ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenic ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients

scholarly journals School Bullying Climate in Lorma Colleges Special Science High School

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 163-169
Author(s):  
Aleejah Caitlin H. Aquino ◽  
Aubrey Yvonne V. Cabarrubias ◽  
Jessa Marie B. Yogaratnam ◽  
Kristine Joy A. Rafael ◽  
Roland Vincent L. Rabang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
System Theory ◽  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
School Bullying ◽  
Ecological System ◽  
Special Science ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Conditioning Theory ◽  
Science High School ◽  
Operant Conditioning Theory

Bullying is a common issue that everyone knows. But in reality, people can hardly tell whether it is really an act of bullying or if it is just a joke. So sometimes, they can’t report it to the higher people of society. Over the past years, there has been cases of bullying, especially students. It was hard to ignore that they even proposed law about anti-bullying. In order to contribute to the school’s knowledge about bullying and the students, this study was conducted to determine the School Bullying Climate in Lorma Colleges Special Science High School. Two theories were used for the framework of this study, namely the Operant Conditioning theory and the Ecological System Theory. The Operant Conditioning Theory explained the changing of behavior by the use of reinforcement which is given after the desired response while the Ecological System Theory helped us understand why we may behave differently when we compare our behavior in the presence of our family and our behavior when we are in school or at work. A descriptive research method was used for this study. A survey was conducted among 108 students of Lorma Colleges Special Science High School with the aim of knowing the perspectives of students as to school bullying in LCSSHS and the existing & possible solutions about school bullying in LCSSHS. Data were obtained from the students through the use of questionnaires. The study was conducted for the teachers, students, parents, and the school. The researchers concluded that a class with a different kind of academic training and discipline may view bullying in a different way than that of another class and when students encounter or see a bullying incident, they cannot help but just watch, although they will bear in mind that the next time they see one again, they will surely stop it. The researchers also provided a recommendation for future researchers and for the students.

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