A Procedure Which Produces Sustained Opiate-Directed Behavior (Morphine Addiction) in the Rat

1963 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 895-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Oral Morphine ◽  
Conditioning Theory ◽  
Morphine Addiction ◽  
Operant Conditioning Theory

Contrary to naive assumption, animals do not show altered behavior toward opiates after injection. However, a procedure, based on operant conditioning theory, is described which produces sustained opiate-directed behavior (oral morphine addiction) in rats. What is believed to be the first demonstration of relapse in animals was obtained with this method. Examples applying this procedure are given and typical results are shown. This procedure is valuable in that it permits direct experimental attack on many otherwise very difficult problems of addiction. The success of this method in producing sustained opiate-directed behavior in animals has significant implications regarding the development of sustained opiate-directed behavior in man.

A Token Economy Project with Chronic Schizophrenic Patients

1974 ◽  
Vol 124 (581) ◽  
pp. 367-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Baker ◽  
John N. Hall ◽  
Keith Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Token Economy ◽  
Tv Viewing ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenic ◽  
Conditioning Theory ◽  
Single Room ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Operant Conditioning Theory ◽  
The Way

The token economy is an application of operant conditioning theory which is particularly relevant to the treatment of patients in institutions. The basic idea is to motivate the patient to behave more appropriately and constructively by giving him tokens whenever he behaves in such a way. The tokens have an incentive function, as the patient can cash them in for a number of different things, such as pleasant single room accommodation, cigarettes, magazines, TV viewing, drinks etc., depending upon what is programmed into the token economy. The theory of operant conditioning is that not only does the token motivate the patient to behave in certain ways, but ‘reinforces' his behaviour. Such reinforced behaviour should eventually become an integral part of the ‘way he is', continuing even when the token is removed.

Online Shopping for Positive and Negative Reinforcement Products

2004 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Patricia Sorce ◽  
Victor Perotti ◽  
Stanley Widrick
Keyword(s):  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Shopping Behavior ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Conditioning Theory ◽  
Online Shoppers ◽  
Operant Conditioning Theory

The present research applies operant conditioning theory to the question of what products and services consumers will shop for and buy online. Operant conditioning theory explains differences between products that are used to alleviate uncomfortable experiences (negative reinforcement) and those providing enjoyable experiences (positive reinforcement). The preliminary results described in this study confirmed the importance of operant conditioning as a factor in the behavior of online shoppers. For example, when asked to provide an open-ended list of products that they had shopped for, our respondents mentioned products that produce positive reinforcement 476 times versus only four mentions for those that create negative reinforcement. Furthermore, for a list of seventeen common product categories, the results showed that respondents were not only less likely to shop for negative reinforcement products but also even less likely to purchase negative products online than positive products. The results of this exploratory study lay the groundwork for future research by introducing negative and positive reinforcement as a predictor of Internet shopping behavior.

scholarly journals School Bullying Climate in Lorma Colleges Special Science High School

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 163-169
Author(s):  
Aleejah Caitlin H. Aquino ◽  
Aubrey Yvonne V. Cabarrubias ◽  
Jessa Marie B. Yogaratnam ◽  
Kristine Joy A. Rafael ◽  
Roland Vincent L. Rabang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
System Theory ◽  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
School Bullying ◽  
Ecological System ◽  
Special Science ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Conditioning Theory ◽  
Science High School ◽  
Operant Conditioning Theory

Bullying is a common issue that everyone knows. But in reality, people can hardly tell whether it is really an act of bullying or if it is just a joke. So sometimes, they can’t report it to the higher people of society. Over the past years, there has been cases of bullying, especially students. It was hard to ignore that they even proposed law about anti-bullying. In order to contribute to the school’s knowledge about bullying and the students, this study was conducted to determine the School Bullying Climate in Lorma Colleges Special Science High School. Two theories were used for the framework of this study, namely the Operant Conditioning theory and the Ecological System Theory. The Operant Conditioning Theory explained the changing of behavior by the use of reinforcement which is given after the desired response while the Ecological System Theory helped us understand why we may behave differently when we compare our behavior in the presence of our family and our behavior when we are in school or at work. A descriptive research method was used for this study. A survey was conducted among 108 students of Lorma Colleges Special Science High School with the aim of knowing the perspectives of students as to school bullying in LCSSHS and the existing & possible solutions about school bullying in LCSSHS. Data were obtained from the students through the use of questionnaires. The study was conducted for the teachers, students, parents, and the school. The researchers concluded that a class with a different kind of academic training and discipline may view bullying in a different way than that of another class and when students encounter or see a bullying incident, they cannot help but just watch, although they will bear in mind that the next time they see one again, they will surely stop it. The researchers also provided a recommendation for future researchers and for the students.

scholarly journals The reflection of the pandemic experience in contagion (an operant conditioning theory criticism)

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 418
Author(s):  
Mister Gidion Maru ◽  
Sergio Reanaldy Mantouw ◽  
Fivy Andries
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Psychological Approach ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Conditioning Theory ◽  
The Government ◽  
Operant Conditioning Theory

This study aims to analyze the reflection on the pandemic circumstances and on the attempts to solve such turmoil as portrayed in the film entitled Contagion. As a sort of literary criticism, this study is qualitative in design. Data collection deals with the use of transcript of the speeches and actions of the characters in particular scenes and certain minutes. For data analysis, this study applies a kind of psychological approach especially Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Theory as means of doing the analytical criticism on the film. The analysis results in the findings such as Contagion illustrates the occurrence of the pandemic as indicated by the presence of the pandemic, its victim and spread. Further, the study also reveals that solution for the pandemic can be performed by the government, society, and individual. This study seems to be significant to inspire and encourage solution for the current pandemic condition.

Operant treatment

2013 ◽  
pp. 531-542
Author(s):  
Keith J. Slifer ◽  
Adrianna Amari ◽  
Cynthia Maynard Ward
Keyword(s):  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Medical Procedure ◽  
Recurrent Pain ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Pain Behaviour ◽  
Conditioning Theory ◽  
Clinical Pain ◽  
Operant Conditioning Theory

Operant conditioning interventions for clinical pain involve the modification of environmental and social stimuli that are (1) antecedents (discriminative stimuli or setting events) to maladaptive pain behaviour or (2) consequent stimuli that maintain the maladaptive pain behaviour through positive reinforcement (social attention or assistance from others) or negative reinforcement (escape or avoidance of uncomfortable, effortful activity, or of social, academic, or work responsibilities). While aspects of operant conditioning theory have been included in the design of interventions to manage acute paediatric medical procedure-related pain (see Slifer et al., 1995 , 2002 , 2011 ), this chapter will not include these studies but will focus on operant conditioning based interventions for illness-and injury-related chronic or recurrent pain.

A Cognitive and Augmentative Communication System for Special Needs Education

2016 ◽  
pp. 323-342
Author(s):  
Jihad M. Al Ja'am ◽  
M. Samir Abou El-Seoud ◽  
Amal Dandashi ◽  
AbdelGhani Karkar
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Augmentative Communication ◽  
Multimedia System ◽  
Component System ◽  
Special Needs Education ◽  
Conditioning Theory ◽  
Operant Conditioning Theory

A triple component system which can serve basic communication and cognitive needs of developmentally disabled children in the Arab world is proposed. This system is based on a combinational cognitive model which merges Mayer's Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning and Skinner's Operant Conditioning Theory. The system aims to benefit three main groups of children: 1) children with hearing impairments (HI), 2) children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and 3) children with Down syndrome (DS) and other intellectual disabilities (ID), in their struggle for augmentative communication and enhanced learning. This study elaborates on the cognitive models and the methodologies for each of the three proposed components: Pedagogical approach, Dynamic Arabic text translation to multimedia elements, Multimedia-based system for daily living task learning, as well as Cognitive multimedia tutorials and exercises. The proposed Multimedia-based triple component system has been tested on a group of 100 children, 50 with DS and 50 with other IDs. Evaluation results from these studies demonstrated that the multimedia system is effective in terms of cognition and motivation for children with DS and ID.

How memorable experiences influence brand preference

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 394-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Stach
Keyword(s):  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Brand Preference ◽  
Mere Exposure Effect ◽  
Dominant Form ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Exposure Effect ◽  
Conditioning Theory ◽  
User Groups

Purpose This paper aims to illuminate mechanisms through which memorable experiences with brands create lasting preferences. It is based on the proposition that intense positive (negative) affective consumption in the consumer’s youth creates powerful imprints, which influence brand preference (distaste) throughout life. Design/methodology/approach Autobiographical memories with Nutella are retrieved from three different user groups, i.e. heavy-, light- and non-users. The retrieved memory narratives are analysed using conditioning theory, i.e. operant, classical or no conditioning are identified and compared across groups. Findings The research’s central proposition is affirmed, yet the dominant form of conditioning mechanism differs per group. Operant conditioning outperforms classical conditioning in creating strong and lasting preferences. Heavy- and non-users predominantly exhibit in-tensely positive and negative operant conditioning, respectively. Light-users on the other hand recall less affectively intense consumption experiences, mainly featuring classical conditioning. The light-users’ recollections suggest a mere exposure effect to be more appropriate in describing the preference formation in this user group. Research limitations/implications Users not having experienced affectively intense consumption, i.e. light-users, are likely to be influenced in their preference over time through other factors, which this paper does not focus on. Practical implications Memory elicitation and exploration provides valuable insights to shape both promotional as well as advertising strategies. Originality/value The study extends existing theory on conditioning in marketing by first using a novel qualitative approach to analyse conditioning procedures in real-life settings, and second, it highlights operant conditioning’s superior ability in creating lasting preferences.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document