Online Shopping for Positive and Negative Reinforcement Products

2004 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Patricia Sorce ◽  
Victor Perotti ◽  
Stanley Widrick
Keyword(s):  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Shopping Behavior ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Conditioning Theory ◽  
Online Shoppers ◽  
Operant Conditioning Theory

The present research applies operant conditioning theory to the question of what products and services consumers will shop for and buy online. Operant conditioning theory explains differences between products that are used to alleviate uncomfortable experiences (negative reinforcement) and those providing enjoyable experiences (positive reinforcement). The preliminary results described in this study confirmed the importance of operant conditioning as a factor in the behavior of online shoppers. For example, when asked to provide an open-ended list of products that they had shopped for, our respondents mentioned products that produce positive reinforcement 476 times versus only four mentions for those that create negative reinforcement. Furthermore, for a list of seventeen common product categories, the results showed that respondents were not only less likely to shop for negative reinforcement products but also even less likely to purchase negative products online than positive products. The results of this exploratory study lay the groundwork for future research by introducing negative and positive reinforcement as a predictor of Internet shopping behavior.

Operant treatment

2013 ◽  
pp. 531-542
Author(s):  
Keith J. Slifer ◽  
Adrianna Amari ◽  
Cynthia Maynard Ward
Keyword(s):  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Medical Procedure ◽  
Recurrent Pain ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Pain Behaviour ◽  
Conditioning Theory ◽  
Clinical Pain ◽  
Operant Conditioning Theory

Operant conditioning interventions for clinical pain involve the modification of environmental and social stimuli that are (1) antecedents (discriminative stimuli or setting events) to maladaptive pain behaviour or (2) consequent stimuli that maintain the maladaptive pain behaviour through positive reinforcement (social attention or assistance from others) or negative reinforcement (escape or avoidance of uncomfortable, effortful activity, or of social, academic, or work responsibilities). While aspects of operant conditioning theory have been included in the design of interventions to manage acute paediatric medical procedure-related pain (see Slifer et al., 1995 , 2002 , 2011 ), this chapter will not include these studies but will focus on operant conditioning based interventions for illness-and injury-related chronic or recurrent pain.

A Token Economy Project with Chronic Schizophrenic Patients

1974 ◽  
Vol 124 (581) ◽  
pp. 367-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Baker ◽  
John N. Hall ◽  
Keith Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Token Economy ◽  
Tv Viewing ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenic ◽  
Conditioning Theory ◽  
Single Room ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Operant Conditioning Theory ◽  
The Way

The token economy is an application of operant conditioning theory which is particularly relevant to the treatment of patients in institutions. The basic idea is to motivate the patient to behave more appropriately and constructively by giving him tokens whenever he behaves in such a way. The tokens have an incentive function, as the patient can cash them in for a number of different things, such as pleasant single room accommodation, cigarettes, magazines, TV viewing, drinks etc., depending upon what is programmed into the token economy. The theory of operant conditioning is that not only does the token motivate the patient to behave in certain ways, but ‘reinforces' his behaviour. Such reinforced behaviour should eventually become an integral part of the ‘way he is', continuing even when the token is removed.

Skinner’s Operant Conditioning

2020 ◽  
pp. 0-5:39 minutes
Author(s):  
Caitlin McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Consumer Behaviour ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Consumer Attitudes ◽  
Fundamental Concept

This module introduces the fundamental concept of Skinner’s Operant Conditioning and discusses its uses in the area of consumer behaviour. Specifically, the module discusses how to utilize positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment in the field of marketing to influence consumer attitudes and behaviours.

A Procedure Which Produces Sustained Opiate-Directed Behavior (Morphine Addiction) in the Rat

1963 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 895-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Oral Morphine ◽  
Conditioning Theory ◽  
Morphine Addiction ◽  
Operant Conditioning Theory

Contrary to naive assumption, animals do not show altered behavior toward opiates after injection. However, a procedure, based on operant conditioning theory, is described which produces sustained opiate-directed behavior (oral morphine addiction) in rats. What is believed to be the first demonstration of relapse in animals was obtained with this method. Examples applying this procedure are given and typical results are shown. This procedure is valuable in that it permits direct experimental attack on many otherwise very difficult problems of addiction. The success of this method in producing sustained opiate-directed behavior in animals has significant implications regarding the development of sustained opiate-directed behavior in man.

scholarly journals Post Pandemic Consumer Behavior: Conceptual Framework

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-24
Author(s):  
Nuradli Ridzwan Shah Mohd Dali ◽  
Hanifah Abdul Hamid ◽  
Wan Rasyidah Wan Nawang ◽  
Wan Nur Fazni Wan Mohamad Nazarie
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Conditioning Theory ◽  
The Government ◽  
To Come ◽  
Future Policy ◽  
People Movement ◽  
Operant Conditioning Theory

Theories on consumer behavioral change emerged from the study of psychology and later used on consumer behaviors. Behaviorists believe that human behaviors can change from stimulus and responses based on the theories developed by Pavlov, Skinner, Thorndike, and many others.  In this paper, the COVID-19 pandemic has forced many countries to take actions such as restricting people movement, providing economic stimulus to push the economy back up, and enforcing social distancing rules and alike to flatten the pandemic curve. The study envisioned that all the actions taken by the government, especially in the context of Malaysia, as stimulus that create positive and negative responses from the learning consumers. The study emulates the operant conditioning theory and proposes four different types of behavior categories that arises from the pandemic. The aim of this paper is to propose a conceptual framework of the market segmentation arising from COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology used by the study is based from the literature search and secondary data to come out with the suggested framework. The expected findings of the study are the four segments of the consumers based on their behavioral reactions post pandemic. The four segments are the back to square one, new normal, moderately new norm, and recycle consumer groups. Their preferences, needs, and wants can change the landscape of how market can be segmented apart from how business should react towards the changes in the future. Policy could be developed in terms of promoting the new norms behavior to overcome COVID-19 problems and future outbreaks as well as to ensure that Malaysia can be accommodative to the industrial revolution 4.0. Future research should be conducted to replicate the framework in different contexts and industries.

scholarly journals School Bullying Climate in Lorma Colleges Special Science High School

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 163-169
Author(s):  
Aleejah Caitlin H. Aquino ◽  
Aubrey Yvonne V. Cabarrubias ◽  
Jessa Marie B. Yogaratnam ◽  
Kristine Joy A. Rafael ◽  
Roland Vincent L. Rabang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
System Theory ◽  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
School Bullying ◽  
Ecological System ◽  
Special Science ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Conditioning Theory ◽  
Science High School ◽  
Operant Conditioning Theory

Bullying is a common issue that everyone knows. But in reality, people can hardly tell whether it is really an act of bullying or if it is just a joke. So sometimes, they can’t report it to the higher people of society. Over the past years, there has been cases of bullying, especially students. It was hard to ignore that they even proposed law about anti-bullying. In order to contribute to the school’s knowledge about bullying and the students, this study was conducted to determine the School Bullying Climate in Lorma Colleges Special Science High School. Two theories were used for the framework of this study, namely the Operant Conditioning theory and the Ecological System Theory. The Operant Conditioning Theory explained the changing of behavior by the use of reinforcement which is given after the desired response while the Ecological System Theory helped us understand why we may behave differently when we compare our behavior in the presence of our family and our behavior when we are in school or at work. A descriptive research method was used for this study. A survey was conducted among 108 students of Lorma Colleges Special Science High School with the aim of knowing the perspectives of students as to school bullying in LCSSHS and the existing & possible solutions about school bullying in LCSSHS. Data were obtained from the students through the use of questionnaires. The study was conducted for the teachers, students, parents, and the school. The researchers concluded that a class with a different kind of academic training and discipline may view bullying in a different way than that of another class and when students encounter or see a bullying incident, they cannot help but just watch, although they will bear in mind that the next time they see one again, they will surely stop it. The researchers also provided a recommendation for future researchers and for the students.

scholarly journals The reflection of the pandemic experience in contagion (an operant conditioning theory criticism)

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 418
Author(s):  
Mister Gidion Maru ◽  
Sergio Reanaldy Mantouw ◽  
Fivy Andries
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Psychological Approach ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Conditioning Theory ◽  
The Government ◽  
Operant Conditioning Theory

This study aims to analyze the reflection on the pandemic circumstances and on the attempts to solve such turmoil as portrayed in the film entitled Contagion. As a sort of literary criticism, this study is qualitative in design. Data collection deals with the use of transcript of the speeches and actions of the characters in particular scenes and certain minutes. For data analysis, this study applies a kind of psychological approach especially Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Theory as means of doing the analytical criticism on the film. The analysis results in the findings such as Contagion illustrates the occurrence of the pandemic as indicated by the presence of the pandemic, its victim and spread. Further, the study also reveals that solution for the pandemic can be performed by the government, society, and individual. This study seems to be significant to inspire and encourage solution for the current pandemic condition.

scholarly journals The Role of the Dopamine D1 Receptor in Cognition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Anne Arola
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Dopamine D1 Receptor ◽  
D1 Receptor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Littermate Control

<p>The dopamine D1 receptor (DD1R) has been linked to cognitive functioning in various human and animal studies using diverse methods from pharmacological manipulations to brain imaging. Moreover, suboptimal or supraoptimal functioning of the DD1R has been linked to cognitive dysfunction. However, the previous research on this topic has mainly relied on correlational evidence, or the use of drugs that are not selective to the DD1R. Therefore, the current study investigated whether cognitive dysfunction is due to suboptimal functioning of the DD1R. The DD1R mutant rat (Smits et al., 2006) provides an opportunity to examine the role of the DD1R in cognitive functioning. The performance of the DD1R mutant rats was compared to that of littermate control rats (wildtypes). Across five experiments we found tentative evidence to suggest that the DD1R is necessary for normal cognitive ability. First, the DD1R mutant rats were unable to improve their performance when an egocentric strategy was required in the starmaze, using both positive and negative reinforcement. Second, compared to wildtype rats, the DD1R mutants were impaired in learning an allocentric strategy in the starmaze with positive reinforcement when they had been previously trained in an egocentric task. Third, the mutants were unable to improve when an egocentric strategy was required in the Y-maze. Finally, the DD1R mutant rats took longer than the wildtypes to reverse their learning when a baited arm was switched after two weeks of training with a different arm as the baited arm in the T-maze. Despite some of the limitations of the experiments, these initial findings suggest an impairment in cognition. Ideas for future research and applications are discussed.</p>

Behavioral Interventions

2019 ◽  
pp. 14-28
Author(s):  
Kate A. Helbig ◽  
Sarah J. Wright ◽  
James R. Derieux ◽  
Stefanie R. Schrieber ◽  
Keith C. Radley
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Instructional Strategies ◽  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Temporal Proximity ◽  
Close Temporal Proximity

Behavior does not occur in a vacuum—there are many environmental factors and events that contribute to the occurrence of behavior. When developing an intervention to address the behavior of students, it is critical to first consider the events in close temporal proximity to the behavior of interest. In this chapter, the authors discuss antecedent-behavior-consequent relations and how to effectively modify behavior in one of three ways: manipulating antecedents to behavior, altering the consequences of a behavior, and teaching replacement or alternative forms of the behavior. Further, the chapter provides a review of principles of operant conditioning: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment. Finally, the chapter provides an overview of key instructional strategies, such as imitation training, chaining, and shaping.

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