scholarly journals Patterns of suicide by occupation in England and Wales: 2001–2005

2008 ◽  
Vol 193 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Meltzer ◽  
Clare Griffiths ◽  
Anita Brock ◽  
Cleo Rooney ◽  
Rachel Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Construction Workers ◽  
Agricultural Workers ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Occupational Groups ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Prevalence Of Depression ◽  
Proportional Mortality ◽  
Standardised Mortality Ratios

BackgroundSuicide rates vary by occupation but this relationship has not been frequently studiedAimsTo identify the occupations with significantly high suicide rates in England and Wales in 2001–2005 and to compare these with rates from previous decadesMethodMortality data from death registrations in England and Wales over the calendar years 2001–2005 were used to calculate proportional mortality ratios (PMRs) and standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for both men and women aged 20–64 years by their occupationResultsAmong men, in 2001–2005, construction workers, and plant and machine operatives had the greatest number of suicides. The highest PMRs were for health professionals (PMR=164) and agricultural workers (PMR=133). Among women, administrative and secretarial workers had the greatest number of suicides yet the highest PMRs were found for health (PMR=232), and sport and fitness (PMR=244) occupationsConclusionsExcess mortality from suicide remains in some occupational groups. The apparent changes in suicide patterns merits further exploration, for example examining the prevalence of depression and suicidal ideation in medical practitioners, dentists, veterinarians, agricultural workers, librarians and construction workers

scholarly journals The influence of socioeconomic deprivation on dementia mortality, age at death and quality of diagnosis: a nationwide death records study in England and Wales 2001-2017

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Jitlal ◽  
Guru NK Amirthalingam ◽  
Tasvee Karania ◽  
Eve Parry ◽  
Aidan Neligan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Socioeconomic Deprivation ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Age At Death ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Dementia Risk ◽  
Poor Access ◽  
Standardised Mortality Ratios

Background. Socioeconomic deprivation is postulated to be an important determinant of dementia risk, mortality, and access to diagnostic services. Nevertheless, premature mortality from other causes and under-representation of deprived individuals in research cohorts may lead to this effect being overlooked. Methods. We obtained Office of National Statistics (ONS) mortality data where dementia was recorded as a cause of death in England and Wales from 2001 to 2017, stratified by age, diagnosis code and UK Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) decile. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) for each IMD decile, adjusting for surviving population size in each IMD decile and age stratum. In those who died of dementia, we used ordinal logistic regression to examine the effect of deprivation on likelihood of being older at death. We used logistic regression to test the effect of deprivation on likelihood of receiving a diagnosis of unspecified dementia, a proxy for poor access to specialist diagnostic care. Results. 578,623 deaths due to dementia in people over the age of 65 were identified between 2001-2017. SMRs were similar across the three most deprived deciles (1-3) but progressively declined through deciles 4-10 (Mean SMR [95%CI] in decile 1: 0.528 [0.506 to 0.550], decile 10: 0.369 [0.338 to 0.400]). This effect increased over time with improving ascertainment of dementia. In 2017, 14,837 excess dementia deaths were attributable to deprivation (21.5% of the total dementia deaths that year). There were dose-response effects of deprivation on likelihood of being older at death with dementia (odds ratio [95%CI] for decile 10 (least deprived): 1.31 [1.28 to 1.33] relative to decile 1), and on likelihood of receiving a diagnosis of unspecified dementia (odds ratio [95%CI] for decile 10: 0.78 [0.76 to 0.80] relative to decile 1). Conclusions. Socioeconomic deprivation in England and Wales is associated with increased dementia mortality, younger age at death with dementia, and poorer access to specialist diagnosis. Reducing social inequality may be an important strategy for prevention of dementia mortality.

scholarly journals Risk of death among teachers in England and Wales during the Covid19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah J Lewis ◽  
Kyle Dack ◽  
Caroline L Relton ◽  
Marcus R Munafò ◽  
George Davey Smith
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Secondary School Teachers ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Occupational Groups ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Aged People ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
Working Age

AbstractObjectivesTo estimate occupation risk from Covid19 among teachers and others working in schools using publicly available data on mortality in England and Wales.DesignAnalysis of national death registration data from the Office for National Statistics.SettingEngland and Wales, March 20th to 28th December 2020, during the Covid19 pandemic.ParticipantsThe total working age population in England and Wales plus those still working aged over 65.Primary and Secondary outcomesDeath with Covid19 as a primary outcome and death from all causes as a secondary outcome.ResultsAcross occupational groups there was a strong correlation between Covid19 mortality and both non-Covid19 and all-cause mortality. The absolute mortality rates for deaths with Covid19 were low amongst those working in schools (from 10 per 100,000 in female primary school teachers to 39 per 100,000 male secondary school teachers) relative to many other occupations (range: 10 to 143 per 100,000 in men; 9 to 50 per 100,000 in women).There was weak evidence that secondary school teachers had slightly higher risks of dying with Covid19 compared to the average for all working aged people, but stronger evidence of a higher risk compared to the average for all professionals; primary school teachers had a lower risk. All-cause mortality was also higher amongst all teachers compared to all professionals. Teaching and lunchtime assistants were not at higher risk of death from Covid19 compared with all working aged people.ConclusionThere was weak evidence that Covid19 mortality risk for secondary school teachers was above expectation, but in general school staff had Covid19 mortality risks which were proportionate to their non-covid mortality risk.Strengths and limitations of this studyWe used routinely collected data on all deaths in England and Wales;, which are near-complete and not susceptible to serious ascertainment biases.We were able to compare mortality data for teachers and other school workers with all other occupational groups and with the working-age population.The number of deaths due to Covid19 were small and thus differences between the specific occupational groups were imprecisely estimated.We did not have access to individual level mortality data so were not able to account for potential confounders such as comorbidities or household size.For those working in school aged over 65 we had neither mortality rates per 100,000 nor total numbers within the group; we only had number of deaths and a 5-year average and we do not know whether the denominators have changed for this group over the last 5 years.

Inequalities and Impact of Socioeconomic-Cultural Factors in Suicide Rates Across Italy

Crisis ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 178-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Pompili ◽  
Marco Innamorati ◽  
Monica Vichi ◽  
Maria Masocco ◽  
Nicola Vanacore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Italian Population ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Age And Sex

Background: Suicide is a major cause of premature death in Italy and occurs at different rates in the various regions. Aims: The aim of the present study was to provide a comprehensive overview of suicide in the Italian population aged 15 years and older for the years 1980–2006. Methods: Mortality data were extracted from the Italian Mortality Database. Results: Mortality rates for suicide in Italy reached a peak in 1985 and declined thereafter. The different patterns observed by age and sex indicated that the decrease in the suicide rate in Italy was initially the result of declining rates in those aged 45+ while, from 1997 on, the decrease was attributable principally to a reduction in suicide rates among the younger age groups. It was found that socioeconomic factors underlined major differences in the suicide rate across regions. Conclusions: The present study confirmed that suicide is a multifaceted phenomenon that may be determined by an array of factors. Suicide prevention should, therefore, be targeted to identifiable high-risk sociocultural groups in each country.

scholarly journals The effect of average temperature on suicide rates in five urban California counties, 1999–⁠2019: an ecological time series analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sierra Cheng ◽  
Rebecca Plouffe ◽  
Stephanie M. Nanos ◽  
Mavra Qamar ◽  
David N. Fisman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Suicide Rate ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
The United States ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Average Maximum

Abstract Background Suicide is among the top 10 leading causes of premature morality in the United States and its rates continue to increase. Thus, its prevention has become a salient public health responsibility. Risk factors of suicide transcend the individual and societal level as risk can increase based on climatic variables. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the association between average temperature and suicide rates in the five most populous counties in California using mortality data from 1999 to 2019. Methods Monthly counts of death by suicide for the five counties of interest were obtained from CDC WONDER. Monthly average, maximum, and minimum temperature were obtained from nCLIMDIV for the same time period. We modelled the association of each temperature variable with suicide rate using negative binomial generalized additive models accounting for the county-specific annual trend and monthly seasonality. Results There were over 38,000 deaths by suicide in California’s five most populous counties between 1999 and 2019. An increase in average temperature of 1 °C corresponded to a 0.82% increase in suicide rate (IRR = 1.0082 per °C; 95% CI = 1.0025–1.0140). Estimated coefficients for maximum temperature (IRR = 1.0069 per °C; 95% CI = 1.0021–1.0117) and minimum temperature (IRR = 1.0088 per °C; 95% CI = 1.0023–1.0153) were similar. Conclusion This study adds to a growing body of evidence supporting a causal effect of elevated temperature on suicide. Further investigation into environmental causes of suicide, as well as the biological and societal contexts mediating these relationships, is critical for the development and implementation of new public health interventions to reduce the incidence of suicide, particularly in the face increasing temperatures due to climate change.

Comparison of Suicide Rates Among Asian Americans in 2000 and 2010

2016 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 404-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuke Kuroki
Keyword(s):  
Asian Americans ◽  
Asian American ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Japanese American ◽  
Ethnic Variation ◽  
Filipino American ◽  
Indian Women ◽  
American Women ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Suicide Behaviors

This brief report used the mortality data to separately examine suicide rates of the six largest Asian American groups: Chinese, Filipino, Indian, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese. In 2000, Japanese American men (13.8 per 100,000) showed significantly higher suicide rate than Chinese, Indian, and Vietnamese American men (7.3, 4.0, and 6.1 per 100,000), whereas Chinese, Korean, and Japanese women (3.7, 3.9, and 4.3 per 100,000) showed higher suicide rates than Indian women (1.2 per 100,000). In 2010, Korean and Japanese American men (19.9 and 15.7 per 100,000) showed higher suicide rates than men of other Asian groups. Korean and Japanese American women (8.1 and 5.0 per 100,000) showed higher suicide rates than Indian and Filipino American women (1.5 and 1.8 per 100,000). The findings challenge the notion that Asian Americans are at low risk for suicide and underscore the importance of examining ethnic variation in suicide behaviors among Asian Americans.

scholarly journals Relationship of the high proportion of suicidal acts involving ingestion of pesticides to the low male-to-female ratio of suicide rates in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongsheng Tong ◽  
Michael R. Phillips ◽  
Yi Yin ◽  
Zhichao Lan
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Rate ◽  
Suicidal Behaviour ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Demographic Profile ◽  
Female Suicide ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Male To Female

Abstract Aims The 2014 World Health Organization report on global suicide identified large differences in the male-to-female ratio of suicide rates between countries: most high-income countries (HICs) report ratios of 3:1 or higher while many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) – including China and India – report ratios of less than 1.5:1. Most authors suggest that gender-based social-cultural factors lead to higher rates of suicidal behaviour among women in LMICs and, thus, to relatively high female suicide rates. We aim to test an alternative hypothesis: differences in the method and case-fatality of suicidal behaviour – not differences in the rates of suicidal behaviour – are the main determinants of higher female suicide rates in LMICs. Methods A prospective registry of suicide attempts treated in all 14 general hospitals in a rural county in China was established and data from the registry were integrated with population and mortality data from the same county from 2009 to 2014. Results There were 160 suicides and 1010 medically-treated suicidal attempts in the county; 84% of female suicides and 58% of male suicides ingested pesticides while 73% of female attempted suicides and 72% of male attempted suicides ingested pesticides. The suicide rate (per 100 000 person-years of exposure) was 8.4 in females and 9.1 in males (M:F ratio = 1.08:1) while the incidence of ‘serious suicidal acts’ (i.e. those that result in death or received treatment in a hospital) was 81.5 in females and 47.7 in males (M:F ratio = 0.59:1). The case-fatality of serious suicidal acts was higher in males than in females (19 v. 10%), increased with age, was highest for violent methods (92%), intermediate for pesticide ingestion (13%) and lowest for other methods (5%). Conclusions The incidence of medically serious suicidal behaviour among females in rural China was similar to that reported in HICs, but the case-fatality was much higher, primarily because most suicidal acts involved the ingestion of pesticides, which had a higher case-fatality than methods commonly used by women in HICs. These findings do not support sociological explanations for the relatively high female suicide rate in China but, rather, suggest that gender-specific method choice and the case-fatality of different methods are more important determinants of the demographic profile of suicide rates. Further research that involves ongoing monitoring of the changing incidence, demographic profile and case-fatality of different suicidal methods in urban and rural parts of both LMICs and HICs is needed to confirm this hypothesis.

Are the Scottish and English Suicide Rates Really Different?

1972 ◽  
Vol 120 (556) ◽  
pp. 267-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Barraclough
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Rate ◽  
Death Certificate ◽  
Well Being ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
National Differences

The official suicide rate for England and Wales has been higher than Scotland's (1) for at least 70 years. Since national differences in official suicide rates are quite frequently cited as an index of differences in social well-being, it is of some importance to know whether these differences are valid or whether they are merely artefacts caused by varying criteria for deciding what evidence is necessary to write 'suicide’ upon the death certificate.

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