Behavioral Responses of Marine Animals to Metals, Acidification, Hypoxia and Noise Pollution

Abstract Undersea noise is now being recognised as a major pollution problem on a global scale. Human activities, such as mercantile shipping, military activities and the exploration and exploitation of undersea minerals, have considerably increased undersea noise in the oceans in the last 50 years. Undersea noise causes stress in marine animals, increases risk of mortality by unbalancing predator-prey interactions and interferes with sound-based navigation and communication of marine animals. In the absence of appropriate regulation, undersea noise pollution and its implications for the marine environment will increase in the future. This article examines the international legal instruments of relevance to undersea noise pollution and investigates whether these instruments can sufficiently regulate undersea noise pollution. It is argued that they are currently inadequate. The article proposes a list of elements that might be used as a basis for an additional international legal regime on the prevention and control of undersea noise pollution, taking into account the recent focus by the UN General Assembly and other bodies on this issue.

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3. Behavioral responses of marine animals to chemical stimuli

NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI ◽

10.2331/suisan.33.243 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 243-250 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Y. HASHIMOTO

Keyword(s):

Behavioral Responses ◽

Marine Animals ◽

Chemical Stimuli

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Regression methods for evaluation of the underwater noise levels in the Slovenian Sea

Materials and Geoenvironment ◽

10.2478/rmzmag-2021-0003 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Andreja Popit

Keyword(s):

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Correlation Method ◽

Noise Pollution ◽

Breaking Waves ◽

Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Underwater Noise ◽

Noise Levels ◽

Anthropogenic Pressures ◽

Marine Animals ◽

Sea Levels

Abstract Anthropogenic underwater noise pollution of seas and oceans caused by shipping can have negative effects on marine animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate quantitatively how much the underwater noise levels in the Slovenian Sea were influenced by anthropogenic pressures and meteorological parameters in the period from 2015 until 2018. For this purpose, correlation method and least squares multiple linear regression analysis were used. The results of this study show that the correlation of underwater noise levels with the dredging activity is significant but low, while correlation with the ship densities is insignificant, which could be due to reduced sound wave propagation in the shallow sea levels. Correlation of the underwater noise levels with the wind speed was significant but low to medium, which could be explained by the breaking waves generated by the wind that produced sound.

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Acoustic playback experiments to study behavioral responses of free-ranging marine animals to anthropogenic sound

Marine Ecology Progress Series ◽

10.3354/meps08363 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 395 ◽

pp. 187-200 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

P Tyack

Keyword(s):

Behavioral Responses ◽

Playback Experiments ◽

Marine Animals ◽

Free Ranging

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Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x18000274 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

Author(s):

Kevin Arceneaux

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Individual Differences ◽

Cognitive Processes ◽

Evolutionary History ◽

Behavioral Responses ◽

History Of ◽

Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

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A Clinical Study of Twenty-seven Children Exhibiting Functional Hearing Loss

Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools ◽

10.1044/0161-1461.1201.26 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 26-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Donald L. McCanna ◽

Giacinto DeLapa

Keyword(s):

Hearing Loss ◽

Clinical Study ◽

Early Identification ◽

Behavioral Responses ◽

Upper Elementary ◽

Elementary Grades ◽

Ability Level ◽

Hearing Problem

This report reviews 27 cases of children exhibiting functional hearing loss. The study reveals that most students were in the upper elementary grades and were predominantly females. These subjects were functioning below their ability level in school and were usually in conflict with school, home, or peers. Tests used were selected on the basis of their helping to provide early identification. The subjects' oral and behavioral responses are presented, as well as ways of resolving the hearing problem. Some helpful counseling techniques are also presented.

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Olfactory Modulation of Steady- State Visual Evoked Potential Topography in Comparison with Differences in Odor Sensitivity

Journal of Psychophysiology ◽

10.1027//0269-8803.16.2.71 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 71-81 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Caroline M. Owen ◽

John Patterson ◽

Richard B. Silberstein

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Visual Evoked Potential ◽

Evoked Potential ◽

Behavioral Responses ◽

Simultaneous Recording ◽

Odor Concentration ◽

Odor Detection ◽

Detection Response ◽

Response Groups ◽

Visual Evoked

Summary Research was undertaken to determine whether olfactory stimulation can alter steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) topography. Odor-air and air-only stimuli were used to determine whether the SSVEP would be altered when odor was present. Comparisons were also made of the topographic activation associated with air and odor stimulation, with the view toward determining whether the revealed topographic activity would differentiate levels of olfactory sensitivity by clearly identifying supra- and subthreshold odor responses. Using a continuous respiration olfactometer (CRO) to precisely deliver an odor or air stimulus synchronously with the natural respiration, air or odor (n-butanol) was randomly delivered into the inspiratory airstream during the simultaneous recording of SSVEPs and subjective behavioral responses. Subjects were placed in groups based on subjective odor detection response: “yes” and “no” detection groups. In comparison to air, SSVEP topography revealed cortical changes in response to odor stimulation for both response groups, with topographic changes evident for those unable to perceive the odor, showing the presence of a subconscious physiological odor detection response. Differences in regional SSVEP topography were shown for those who reported smelling the odor compared with those who remained unaware of the odor. These changes revealed olfactory modulation of SSVEP topography related to odor awareness and sensitivity and therefore odor concentration relative to thresholds.

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