The Transfer of Passive and Active Immunity

2020 ◽  
pp. 193-214
Author(s):  
C. H. F. Nevard ◽  
M. Gaunt ◽  
C.D. Ockleford
Keyword(s):  
Active Immunity

Peptides of Tetraspanin Oncoprotein CD151 Trigger Active Immunity Against Primary Tumor and Experimental Lung Metastasis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanzun Lin ◽  
Jun Liu ◽  
Juhui Chen ◽  
Jiancheng Li ◽  
Sufang Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Metastasis ◽  
Primary Tumor ◽  
Active Immunity

scholarly journals EVIDENCE OF ACTIVE IMMUNITY TO EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS OBTAINED BY THE INTRANASAL ROUTE IN MACACUS RHESUS

1938 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-544
Author(s):  
S. D. Kramer ◽  
L. H. Grossman ◽  
G. C. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Intranasal Route ◽  
Intranasal Infection ◽  
Nasal Route ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Intracerebral Infection ◽  
Usual Reaction

The experiments reported above indicate that the intranasal instillations of pituitrin S and adrephine, alter susceptibility in the rhesus monkey. One-half to two-thirds of the treated animals resisted intranasal infection, and, moreover, most of the resistant animals which had received combined treatment and virus developed active immunity, as indicated by the presence of neutralizing substance in their serums and by their ability to resist intracerebral infection. We have, it appears, not alone modified in some fashion the usual reaction of this animal to intranasal infection, but we have also successfully vaccinated these animals by the nasal route, so that the response in animals more nearly approaches what we believe to be the response in human beings. We have no knowledge of the mechanism by means of which pituitrin S and adrephine produce this apparent alteration in susceptibility, but since the outcome of continued exposure to virus in most of the animals treated with these substances results in immunity, we believe that this offers a more hopeful approach toward the control of the disease.

scholarly journals The passage of antibodies from the maternal circulation into the embryo in rabbits

1948 ◽  
Vol 135 (880) ◽  
pp. 390-403 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Titre ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Maternal Serum ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Maternal Circulation ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Foreign Proteins ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Rabbit Embryos

Active immunity to Brucella abortus was induced in adult female rabbits. They were mated a week after the last injection of antigen and were killed and the yolk-sac contents of the embryos tested for agglutinins 8½ days after copulation. Specific agglutinins were found to be present in the yolk-sac contents in all cases. The titre varied significantly from embryo to embryo in the same litter, and was in some as high as that in the maternal serum at the time of killing. Passive immunity to Br. abortus was imparted to female rabbits 7 to 9 days pregnant by intravenous injection of immune serum of high titre. The rabbits were killed and the yolk-sac fluid of the embryos tested for agglutinins 10 to 17 hr. after injection. Specific agglutinins were present in most of the embryos from five of the six rabbits injected before 8 days post-coitum. All the embryos in the sixth rabbit were regressing. Specific agglutinins were not found in any of the embryos from two rabbits injected after 9 days post-coitum, by which time the yolk-sac fluid has ceased to increase in volume. Positive results were obtained both when rabbit and bovine immune sera were used. Active immunity to Br. abortus was induced in pregnant rabbits by injections beginning after the 15th day post-coitum. The serum of the newborn young, removed from their immune mothers before they had suckled, was tested and specific agglutinins were found to be present with a titre corresponding to that of the maternal serum. It was concluded that agglutinins, whether actively or passively acquired, pass freely from the maternal circulation into the yolk-sacs of 7- and 8-day rabbit embryos. This constitutes a delicate test of the passage of protein without alteration through the yolk-sac wall. The yolk-sac wall does not appear to be selective, since it is at least as permeable to foreign proteins as it is to those of maternal origin. Agglutinins pass from the maternal circulation into the embryo after the disappearance of the bilaminar wall of the yolk-sac also, either by way of the yolk-sac splanchnopleur or the allantochorionic placenta or both. The bearing of these results on current theories of placental permeability are discussed.

CLINICAL CONFERENCE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 1016-1022
Author(s):  
Saul Krugman ◽  
Robert Ward
Keyword(s):  
England Journal ◽  
New England ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Infectious Hepatitis ◽  
Progress Report ◽  
State School ◽  
Staten Island ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time Of Admission

Dr. Krugman: Since 1953 approximately 400 cases of infectious hepatitis with jaundice have been observed at the Willowbrook State School on Staten Island. The studies to be described were carried out in collaboration with Dr. Robert Ward and Dr. Joan Giles of our staff, Dr. A. Milton Jacobs of Willowbrook State School and Dr. Oscar Bodansky of Sloan-Kettering Institute. I should like to present a progress report of our investigations which have been concerned with the prevention and natural history of infectious hepatitis at Willowbrook. (A report of these studies has recently appeared in the New England Journal of Medicine (248:407, 1958) to which the reader may refer for further details.) It had been previously reported by Stokes and associates that the administration of gamma-globulin was followed by not only a lower incidence of hepatitis but also a prolongation of the protective effect. Stokes postulated that "passive-active" immunity was responsible for this phenomenon. The epidemic of hepatitis at Willowbrook provided us with an opportunity to test this hypothesis. Effect of Gamma-globulin on the Frequency of Infectious Hepatitis. Figure 1 illustrates the course of the outbreak at Willowbrook beginning in January, 1955. As can be seen, hepatitis continued to occur at a rate of about two to three cases per week. The cases, predominantly in children, occurred in 18 buildings in the institution. In June of 1956 gamma-globulin, 0.01 ml/lb, was administered to approximately a third of the inmates of each building. The control and inoculated groups were comparable as to age and time of admission to Willowbrook.

Infectious hepatitis: protection by immunoglobulin

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 33-34
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Virus Antigen ◽  
Infectious Hepatitis ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Viral Illness

Although the virus has not yet been isolated, all the available evidence suggests that infectious hepatitis is a viral illness. Failure to isolate the virus or viruses responsible means that specific antibodies to the virus antigen cannot be produced in the laboratory, neither can the virus be modified artificially and used to evoke active immunity. After an attack of infectious hepatitis an individual is usually immune from further attacks; the antibodies responsible for the immunity are contained in IgG fractions of the gamma globulin.

Population dynamics in echinococcosis and cysticercosis: regulation ofTaenia hydatigenaandT. ovisin lambs through passively transferred immunity

Parasitology ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Gemmell ◽  
J. R. Lawson ◽  
M. G. Roberts ◽  
J. F. T. Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Population Regulation ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
Taenia Hydatigena ◽  
Density Dependent ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Infection Pressure ◽  
High Infection

SUMMARYA comparison has been made of the interactions between passively transferred and actively acquired immunity in regulating populations ofTaenia hydatigenaandT. ovis.When ewes were grazed prior to parturition under a high infection pressure, immunity was transferred to their offspring for up to 8 weeks. A qualititative difference between the species was the destruction of larvalT. ovisprior to their establishment (‘pre-encystment immunity’) and that ofT. hydatigenaafter they had become established (‘post-encystment immunity’) in the challenged lambs. The major difference in terms of population regulation between the two parasites was that infection occurred withT. hydatigenabut not withT. ovisin those lambs reared from birth for 16 weeks under high infection pressure. Passive, like active immunity, is a density-dependent constraint. It plays an important role in the population regulation ofT. ovis, but not ofT. hydatigena. This is discussed in terms of transmission in the natural environment, an hypothesis on humoral protection and the need to elucidate pathways of protection when immunization schedules are being evaluated for controlling the taeniid zoonoses.

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