scholarly journals EVIDENCE OF ACTIVE IMMUNITY TO EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS OBTAINED BY THE INTRANASAL ROUTE IN MACACUS RHESUS

1938 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-544
Author(s):  
S. D. Kramer ◽  
L. H. Grossman ◽  
G. C. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Intranasal Route ◽  
Intranasal Infection ◽  
Nasal Route ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Intracerebral Infection ◽  
Usual Reaction

The experiments reported above indicate that the intranasal instillations of pituitrin S and adrephine, alter susceptibility in the rhesus monkey. One-half to two-thirds of the treated animals resisted intranasal infection, and, moreover, most of the resistant animals which had received combined treatment and virus developed active immunity, as indicated by the presence of neutralizing substance in their serums and by their ability to resist intracerebral infection. We have, it appears, not alone modified in some fashion the usual reaction of this animal to intranasal infection, but we have also successfully vaccinated these animals by the nasal route, so that the response in animals more nearly approaches what we believe to be the response in human beings. We have no knowledge of the mechanism by means of which pituitrin S and adrephine produce this apparent alteration in susceptibility, but since the outcome of continued exposure to virus in most of the animals treated with these substances results in immunity, we believe that this offers a more hopeful approach toward the control of the disease.

scholarly journals THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MARMOSETS TO YELLOW FEVER VIRUS

1930 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson C. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Temperature Reaction ◽  
Human Beings

1. It has been possible to introduce yellow fever virus into the small Brazilian monkeys, Callithrix albicollis and Leontocebus ursulus, by the bites of infected mosquitoes and to carry the virus through a series of four passages in each species and back to rhesus monkeys by the bites of Stegomyia mosquitoes fed on the last marmoset of each series. 2. Five specimens of L. ursulus were used. Four developed fever, and all died during the experiments. At least two showed liver necroses comparable to those found in human beings and rhesus monkeys that died of yellow fever. 3. Twenty specimens of C. albicollis were used. Very few showed a temperature reaction following the introduction of virus. Of those that died, none had lesions typical of yellow fever as seen in certain other species of monkeys and in humans. 4. The convalescent serum from each of five C. albicollis protected a rhesus monkey against yellow fever virus, but the serum from a normal marmoset of the same species was found to be non-protective.

scholarly journals IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES WITH THE VIRUS OF INFLUENZA

1935 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 505-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Francis ◽  
T. P. Magill
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Antigenic Structure ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Repeated Injection ◽  
Intranasal Route ◽  
Passive Protection ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Virulent Virus ◽  
The Common

Following infection with the virus of influenza, both ferrets and mice develop a state of active immunity to reinfection. The serum of these animals contains neutralizing antibodies, as evidenced by the capacity of the serum to confer passive protection to mice against infection with the P.R.8 and Phila. strains of the virus of human influenza. Rabbits which are apparently insusceptible to infection with the virus of influenza produce specific antibodies in response to repeated injection of virus-containing material. The serum of immunized rabbits affords passive protection to mice against mouse-virulent virus. Although the subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection of the living virus does not produce infection in mice, animals so treated acquire active immunity against subsequent infection by the intranasal route. Neutralization tests with the serum of patients before and after recovery from influenza, pneumonia and the common cold indicate that neutralizing antibodies arise as a specific response to infection with the virus of influenza. The immunological identity of strains of influenza virus recovered from human sources has been established, and the possible existence of strains of related, but not identical, antigenic structure is discussed.

Active Immunity to Experimental Poliomyelitis by Intranasal Route in Macacus rhesus.

1937 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 370-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Kramer ◽  
L. H. Grossman ◽  
G. C. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Intranasal Route ◽  
Active Immunity

scholarly journals THE VIRULENCE AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF STRAINS DERIVED FROM SALMONELLA TYPHOSA 58 (PANAMA CARRIER)

1950 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Batson ◽  
Maurice Landy ◽  
Martha Brown
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Protective Antibody ◽  
Active Immunity

An investigation of the immunogenicity of vaccines prepared from closely related virulent and avirulent strains of S. typhosa is reported. No evidence was obtained of any essential relationship between the virulence of the strains employed and their immunogenicity, as determined by active-immunity mouse-protection tests and by the agglutinin and mouse-protective antibody response in human beings.

scholarly journals Rhesus monkey gastric mucins: oligomeric structure, glycoforms and Helicobacter pylori binding1

2004 ◽  
Vol 379 (3) ◽  
pp. 765-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara LINDÉN ◽  
Thomas BORÉN ◽  
André DUBOIS ◽  
Ingemar CARLSTEDT
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Blood Group ◽  
T Antigen ◽  
Blood Group Antigens ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Sialyl Lex ◽  
H Pylori

Mucins isolated from the stomach of Rhesus monkey are oligomeric glycoproteins with a similar mass, density, glycoform profile and tissue localization as human MUC5AC and MUC6. Antibodies raised against the human mucins recognize those from monkey, which thus appear to be orthologous to those from human beings. Rhesus monkey muc5ac and muc6 are produced by the gastric-surface epithelium and glands respectively, and occur as three distinct glycoforms. The mucins are substituted with the histo blood-group antigens B, Lea (Lewis a), Leb, Lex, Ley, H-type-2, the Tn-antigen, the T-antigen, the sialyl-Lex and sialyl-Lea structures, and the expression of these determinants varies between individuals. At neutral pH, Helicobacter pylori strains expressing BabA (blood-group antigen-binding adhesin) bind Rhesus monkey gastric mucins via the Leb or H-type-1 structures, apparently on muc5ac, as well as on a smaller putative mucin, and binding is inhibited by Leb or H-type-1 conjugates. A SabA (sialic acid-binding adhesin)-positive H. pylori mutant binds to sialyl-Lex-positive mucins to a smaller extent compared with the BabA-positive strains. At acidic pH, the microbe binds to mucins substituted by sialylated structures such as sialyl-Lex and sialylated type-2 core, and this binding is inhibited by DNA and dextran sulphate. Thus mucin–H. pylori binding occurs via at least three different mechanisms: (1) BabA-dependent binding to Leb and related structures, (2) SabA-dependent binding to sialyl-Lex and (3) binding through a charge-mediated mechanism to sialylated structures at low pH values.

scholarly journals Air Warming and Drainage Influences Soil Microarthropod Communities

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Xin Sun ◽  
Dong Liu ◽  
Haitao Wu ◽  
Huai Chen
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Natural Water ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Sanjiang Plain ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Total Density ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Level Control ◽  
The Sanjiang Plain

The degradation of wetlands due to climate change is of critical concern to human beings worldwide. Little is known about the potential synergistic effects of simultaneous water level reduction and warming on the underground wetland ecosystems. We conducted a 5-month field experiment in the Sanjiang Plain, utilizing open-top chambers and water level automatic control systems to investigate such synergistic effects. Soil springtails (Collembola) and mites (Acari) in the top (0–20 cm) soil layers were sampled to calculate their density, diversity, and to screen for indicator species. Warming significantly influenced soil springtail communities, slightly increasing the total density and total abundance under the natural water level while reducing them under a constant water level. In addition, Anurida maritima and Vertagopus laricis, two indicators for the natural water level, had the highest densities in the natural water level treatment and under the combined treatment of warming and natural water level, respectively. Cheiroseius sinicus and Malaconothrus tardus had the highest densities in warming under the 0 cm water level, significantly higher than the other three treatments. This study also revealed the importance of maintaining fluctuating water levels for microarthropod communities influenced by global warming, providing a theoretical basis for water level control in wetland restoration.

scholarly journals The intranasal infection of mice with Bordetella pertussis

1961 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean M. Dolby ◽  
Doraine C. W. Thow ◽  
A. F. B. Standfast
Keyword(s):  
Bordetella Pertussis ◽  
Initial Dose ◽  
Critical Level ◽  
Viable Count ◽  
Intranasal Route ◽  
Intranasal Infection ◽  
Specific Immunity ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Typical Shape ◽  
Initial Check

Bordetella pertussis instified by the intranasal route into the lungs of mice multiply without difficulty even from small inocula, although B. pertussis is not a natural pathogen for mice and mouse to mouse infection could not be demonstrated. When the initial dose was large the bacilli multiplied until the number in the lungs reached a critical level at which the mouse died. With smaller doses the critical level was never reached; a maximum count was achieved in 10–14 days, after which the number of viable bacilli declined. These smaller doses were consistently non-lethal and the figures for the viable counts when plotted gave curves of typical shape which were called ‘sublethal curves’. The decline corresponded in time with the development of specific immunity. Growth in the lung during the first 4 days of the infection was exponential, the rate of increase in the viable count depending on the size of the inoculum; the smaller the inoculum the faster the increase. With infecting doses at about the critical level, the numbers did not increase during the first 3–4 days, and with larger doses they decreased during the first 2–4 days of infection.Antiserum given with the inoculum reduced the number of viable organisms in the lung at once. Its effect was short-lived, because after 24 hr. the lung count rose; nevertheless, the initial check on the bacteria had converted a lethal in fection into a sublethal infection.

Electron Cytochemical Study of Carbon Dioxide Laser Effect on Rhesus Monkey Cornea

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 224-225
Author(s):  
K. C. Tsou ◽  
J. Morris ◽  
P. Shawaluk ◽  
B. Stuck ◽  
E. Beatrice
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Laser ◽  
Cytochemical Study ◽  
Laser Effect

While much is known regarding the effect of lasers on the retina, little study has been done on the effect of lasers on cornea, because of the limitation of the size of the material. Using a combination of electron microscope and several newly developed cytochemical methods, the effect of laser can now be studied on eye for the purpose of correlating functional and morphological damage. The present paper illustrates such study with CO2 laser on Rhesus monkey.

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