Internal Corrosion Simulation of Long Distance Sandwich Pipe

Strength and leak testing (AKA ‘hydrotesting’, and ‘pressure testing’) of pipeline projects remains a primary method of providing quality assurance on new pipeline construction, and for validating structural integrity of the as-built pipeline [1][2][3]. A myriad of regulations surround these activities to ensure soundness of the pipeline, security of the environment during and after the pressure testing operation, as well as personnel safety during these activities. CAN/CSA Z662-11 now includes important clauses to ensure that the pipeline designer/builder/operator consider the potential corrosive impacts of the pressure test media [4]. This paper briefly discusses some of the standard approaches used in the pipeline industry to address internal corrosion caused by pressure test mediums — which often vary according to the scope of the pipeline project (small versus large diameter, short versus very long pipelines) — as well as the rationale behind these different approaches. Case studies are presented to highlight the importance of considering pressure test medium corrosiveness. A practical strategy addressing the needs of long-distance transmission pipeline operators, involving a post-hydrotest inhibitor rinse, is presented.

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Effectiveness of Ultraviolet Light For Mitigating Risk of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion in Steel Pipeline

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v74.4605 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 74 (4) ◽

Author(s):

M. K. F. M. Ali ◽

N. Md. Noor ◽

N. Yahaya ◽

A. A. Bakar ◽

M. Ismail

Keyword(s):

Oil And Gas ◽

Oil And Gas Industry ◽

Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion ◽

Metal Loss ◽

Desulfovibrio Vulgaris ◽

Pipeline System ◽

Long Distance ◽

Gas Industry ◽

Internal Corrosion ◽

Steel Pipeline

Pipelines play an extremely important role in the transportation of gases and liquids over long distance throughout the world. Internal corrosion due to microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is one of the major integrity problems in oil and gas industry and is responsible for most of the internal corrosion in transportation pipelines. The presence of microorganisms such as sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) in pipeline system has raised deep concern within the oil and gas industry. Biocide treatment and cathodic protection are commonly used to control MIC. However, the solution is too expensive and may create environmental problems by being too corrosive. Recently, Ultraviolet (UV) as one of the benign techniques to enhance mitigation of MIC risk in pipeline system has gained interest among researchers. An amount of 100 ml of modified Baar’s medium and 5 ml of Desulfovibrio vulgaris (strain 7577) seeds was grown in 125 ml anaerobic vials with carbon steel grade API 5L-X70 coupons at the optimum temperature of 37°C and pH 9.5 for fifteen days. This was then followed by exposing the medium to UV for one hour. Results from present study showed that UV radiation has the ability to disinfect bacteria, hence minimizing the risk of metal loss due to corrosion in steel pipeline.

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Corrosion Rate Assessment over LPG Transporting Pipelines in Korukupet & Manali Industrial Area

International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering - Special Issue ◽

10.35940/ijitee.i7731.078919 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 666-669

Keyword(s):

Ambient Air ◽

Industrial Area ◽

Oil Refinery ◽

Atmospheric Pollutants ◽

Processing Unit ◽

Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽

Internal Corrosion ◽

External Corrosion ◽

Humidified Air ◽

Corrosion Simulation

In a Crude oil refinery, Atmospheric Distillation Unit (ADU) is one the primary processing unit operation in which many Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), flammable liquids and gases would be separated. Most of these products contain alkane, alkene and alkyne hydrocarbon chemicals which is highly flammable in nature. The top distillate Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) majorly composed of Propane and Butane popularly known as C3-C4 cuts is highly flammable in nature. LPG is one the primary domestic fuel as well as Industrial fuel used in furnaces and for other combustion activities. This LPG would be stored in Bullets which may be hemispherical or spherical. LPG is transported through Seamless Carbon Steel pipelines. As treated LPG is mostly transported either in refinery Unit or LPG Terminals, the likelihood for internal corrosion is very less. But the chances of localized atmospheric external corrosion would be more. The atmospheric pollutants & humidified air electrochemically reacts and forms corrosion over the pipelines. In this paper, LPG terminals which are existing in two most polluted regions in Chennai, Tamilnadu, India have selected. The ambient air quality has analyzed and corrosion simulation has studied.

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Mechanical behavior analysis of gas pipeline with defects under lateral landslide

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part C Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science ◽

10.1177/09544062211017161 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 095440622110171

Author(s):

Yi Liao ◽

Changlei Liu ◽

Tao Wang ◽

Taolong Xu ◽

Jie Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Behavior ◽

Equivalent Stress ◽

Gas Pressure ◽

Gas Pipeline ◽

Long Distance ◽

Internal Corrosion ◽

Corrosion Defect ◽

Particle Hydrodynamics ◽

Maximum Equivalent Stress ◽

Corrosion Defects

Landslide is the main factor threatening the operation safety of long-distance gas pipeline, and the internal corrosion of pipeline will also seriously affect its reliability. Using LS-DYNA software, considering the interaction between pipeline and soil, a model of pipeline with defects crossing landslide is established based on the coupling of smoothed particle hydrodynamics and finite element method (SPH-FEM). The effect of the depth, number and spacing of pipeline defects and gas pressure on the mechanical behavior of pipeline is analyzed. The results show that the corrosion defects and gas pressure have little effect on the deformation of the pipeline. It is also found that when the gas pressure of the pipeline increases gradually from zero, the residual strength of the pipeline has a maximum value. Additionally, for the single corrosion defect, the maximum plastic deformation appears in the center of the corrosion defect, but for the double corrosion defect, it appears in junction of the corrosion defects. Furthermore, with the increase of landslide displacement, the plastic strain zone gradually extends along the circumference of the pipeline in these two kinds of defective pipelines. At the same time, the interaction between adjacent corrosion defects is found. The interaction is related to the defect spacing: within a certain range, the interaction increases with the increase of the defect spacing, the maximum equivalent stress appears at the junction of defects, and the stress concentration area expands along the circumferential direction. With the further increase of the spacing, the interaction disappears.

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The Fine Structure of Phloem Cells

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100119867 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

pp. 632-635

Author(s):

James Cronshaw

Keyword(s):

Structural Studies ◽

High Concentration ◽

Long Distance ◽

Phloem Tissue ◽

Sieve Elements ◽

Long Distance Transport ◽

P Protein ◽

Companion Cells ◽

Electron Microscopical ◽

Distance Transport

Long distance transport in plants takes place in phloem tissue which has characteristic cells, the sieve elements. At maturity these cells have sieve areas in their end walls with specialized perforations. They are associated with companion cells, parenchyma cells, and in some species, with transfer cells. The protoplast of the functioning sieve element contains a high concentration of sugar, and consequently a high hydrostatic pressure, which makes it extremely difficult to fix mature sieve elements for electron microscopical observation without the formation of surge artifacts. Despite many structural studies which have attempted to prevent surge artifacts, several features of mature sieve elements, such as the distribution of P-protein and the nature of the contents of the sieve area pores, remain controversial.

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Popliteal entrapment syndrome and age

VASA ◽

10.1024/0301-1526/a000201 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 262-268 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Schweizer ◽

Hügli ◽

Koella ◽

Jeanneret

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Leg Pain ◽

Walking Distance ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Long Distance ◽

Entrapment Syndrome ◽

Long Distance Running ◽

Popliteal Entrapment ◽

Popliteal Entrapment Syndrome ◽

Atherosclerotic Risk Factors

On the occasion of diagnosing a popliteal entrapment syndrome in a 59-year old man with no cardiovascular risk factors, who developed acute ischemic leg pain during long distance running, we give an overview on this entity with emphasis on patientsage. The different types of the popliteal artery compression syndrome are summarized. The diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are discussed. The most important clinical sign of a popliteal entrapment syndrome is the lack of atherosclerotic risk factors in patients with limited walking distance. Not only in young athletes but also in patients more than 50 years old the popliteal entrapment syndrome has to be taken into account.

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Attachment Styles, Physical Proximity, and Relational Satisfaction

Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors ◽

10.1027/2192-0923/a000062 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 106-112

Author(s):

Anita Shrivastava ◽

Andrea Burianova

Keyword(s):

Attachment Styles ◽

Romantic Relationship ◽

Distinct Type ◽

Relational Satisfaction ◽

Long Distance ◽

Avoidant Attachment ◽

Geographic Separation ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Attachment Dimensions

This study aimed to explore the relationships between attachment styles, proximity, and relational satisfaction. This was achieved by assessing a distinct type of long distance romantic relationship of flying crews, compared with proximal (non-flying crew) romantic relationships. The responses of 139 expatriate professionals revealed significant associations between proximity and anxious and avoidant attachment dimensions. The role of the avoidant dimension in comparison with that of the anxious dimension was found to be a significant predictor of relational satisfaction. This study contributes significantly toward addressing the role of proximity and attachment in relational satisfaction in a new context of geographic separation.

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