Nature's Rights: Why the European Union Needs a Paradigm Shift in Law to Achieve Its 2050 Vision

2019 ◽  
pp. 311-330
Author(s):  
Mumta Ito
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
The European Union

Pringle: A Paradigm Shift in the European Union's Monetary Constitution

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter-Augustijn Van Malleghem
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Council Decision ◽  
Monetary Constitution ◽  
European Stability Mechanism ◽  
The Stability

The reference from the Irish Supreme Court seeking a preliminary ruling in the Pringle case concerns the compatibility of the Treaty establishing the European Stability Mechanism (hereinafter ESM Treaty or ESMT) with European Union (EU) law. The Irish Supreme Court was concerned with the legal significance of Council Decision 2011/199, which amended the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) by inserting a third paragraph in Art 136 TFEU. The new Art 136(3) provides that the Member States whose currency is the euro, may establish a mechanism such as the European Stability Mechanism (ESM) so long as that mechanism is only activated when indispensable to safeguarding the stability of the euro area as a whole, and only if the financial assistance is made subject to strict conditionality. But, because Decision 2011/199 has not yet been ratified by all Member States, the TFEU has not yet been amended. The ESMT nevertheless entered into force at the end of September 2012, and the ESMT commenced its operations in December 2012.

SMEs’s potentials of Research and Development and the European Union Prospective. A Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 184-198
Author(s):  
Isaraj Loreta
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Regional Economies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Social Agents ◽  
Structure And Dynamics ◽  
Funding Policies ◽  
Funding Programs ◽  
The Eu

SME-s role in the economic development and economic structure is changing drastically, as it is gaining new dimensions the role they have as social agents. This becomes particularly present in the paradigm shift of the EU funding schema and priorities, for member and candidate states, indicating that from catalysts of development they are now considered as important and active agents of Innovation by their R&D potential. The article provides a comprehensive literature review on different aspects of R&D processes in SMEs under the support of the funding programs of European Union collected from the reputed publications. The purpose is to provide an outline on the structure and dynamics of R&D in SMEs to highlight its role in the performance of these businesses in particular and in national and regional economies at the macro level. This paper aims to contribute to current discussions within the field of innovation by further exploring how EU R&D funding policies work in practice.

When Does Stand-Alone Software Qualify as a Medical Device in the European Union?—The Cjeu’s Decision in Snitem and What it Implies for the Next Generation of Medical Devices

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-624
Author(s):  
Timo Minssen ◽  
Marc Mimler ◽  
Vivian Mak
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Medical Device ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Medical Purpose ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Support Software

Abstract This contribution analyses the first decision by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) on the qualification and regulation of stand-alone software as medical devices. Referring to the facts of the case and the applicable European Union (EU) regulatory framework, the Court specifically found that prescription support software may constitute a medical device. This would even be the case where the software does not act directly in or on the human body. Yet, according to the CJEU, it is necessary that the intended purpose falls within one or more of the ‘medical purpose’ categories of the regulatory definition of ‘medical device’. The case has important implications, not only for specific legal debates, but it also signifies a paradigm shift with a rapidly increasing digitalisation of the health and life sciences. This highlights the demand for continuous debates over the necessary evolution of the regulatory framework applying to the interface of medical artificial intelligence (AI) and Big Data.

scholarly journals Education for citizenship: Implications for Christian education in Spain

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-70
Author(s):  
Carol A Paige
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Christian Education ◽  
Citizenship Education ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Global Citizenship ◽  
Christian Schools ◽  
The European Union ◽  
School Subject ◽  
History Of ◽  
Over Time

The concept of citizenship has changed and evolved over time. Spain, as part of the European Union, has been included in a paradigm shift from a focus on nationalism to the concept of global citizenship. This has spurred a national controversy over the way in which Spanish students should be educated about citizenship. This article provides a concise history of citizenship education in Spain. An overview of the Education for Citizenship and Human Rights (EfC) curriculum is also incorporated with a description of the controversy surrounding its implementation as a mandatory school subject. It concludes with an explanation of Kingdom citizenship and implications and recommendations for Christian schools.

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