Water Efficiency Measures

2020 ◽  
pp. 171-178
Author(s):  
Bill Jacoby
Keyword(s):  
Water Efficiency ◽  
Efficiency Measures

Results of the largest residential demand management program in Australia

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 249-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Turner ◽  
S. White ◽  
K. Beatty ◽  
A. Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Evaluation Study ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Water Efficiency ◽  
Total Saving ◽  
Income Category ◽  
Efficiency Measures ◽  
Residential Demand

This paper provides details and the results of an evaluation study carried out on the largest residential demand management program in Australia, the Sydney Water Corporation (SWC) ‘Every Drop Counts’ (EDC) residential retrofit program. The evaluation measured the water savings of program participants and compared them to a control group. Savings of 20.9 ± 2.5 kilolitres per household per annum (kL/hh/a) were found from statistical analysis of water meter readings of the sample of single residential households analysed. These individual savings effectively provide SWC with a potential total saving of 3,344 ± 400 megalitres per annum (ML/a) for the single residential houses retrofitted alone, i.e. 80% of the 200,000 households retrofitted to date. The evaluation identified that no ‘decay’ in average savings were found over the maximum four year period assessed. Other factors evaluated during the study included: analysis of individual water efficiency measures; comparison of savings with other evaluations; and savings related to occupancy ratio, geographical grouping, income category and defined socioeconomic categories.

scholarly journals Evaluation of water efficiency programs in single-family households in the UK: a case study

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1785-1792 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Manouseli ◽  
S. M. Kayaga ◽  
R. Kalawsky
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Water Efficiency ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Efficiency Measures ◽  
Data Limitations ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Water Supply Company

Abstract Current water supply worldwide is facing growing pressure as a result of climate change and increasing water demand due to growing population and lifestyle changes. The traditional way of fulfilling the growing demand–supply gap by seeking new water supply options such as exploiting new fresh water resources and investing in the expansion of infrastructure is no longer considered environmentally or economically sustainable. A diverse portfolio of water efficiency measures is now a requirement for the majority of water companies in the UK. This paper presents results from a statistical analysis of a unique water efficiency program case study. The study evaluates the effectiveness of installing water-saving devices in single-family households in areas where a major UK water supply company operates. Using multilevel models, the study accurately measures the water savings achieved through the efficiency program and defines the factors that affect a household's potential to save water. Analysis illustrated a mean 7% decrease in consumption, explicitly attributable to the efficiency program. Research findings provide strong evidence that single resident and financially stretched households have a bigger potential to conserve water than larger and more affluent ones and also highlight the robustness of multilevel analysis, even in cases of data limitations.

scholarly journals Improving Water Efficiency in a Municipal Indoor Swimming-Pool Complex: A Case Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 10530
Author(s):  
Flora Silva ◽  
Ana M. Antão-Geraldes ◽  
Carmem Zavattieri ◽  
Maria João Afonso ◽  
Flávio Freire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Water Efficiency ◽  
Efficiency Measures ◽  
Consumption Reduction ◽  
Indoor Swimming Pool ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Annual Water ◽  
Filter Backwashing

This study aimed to determine the water demand of a municipal swimming pool complex to propose water use efficiency measures. Concomitantly, the possibility of recycling and reusing the water from filter backwashing was evaluated. The pools consumed 25.6% of water, the filter backwashing 24.5%, and the showers 34.7%. Despite the current impossibility of reducing water consumption in pools and filter backwashing, it is feasible to promote more efficient use of water through reducing water consumption by adopting simple water-saving initiatives for showers, taps, and flushing cisterns. These were organized into three distinct scenarios: (a) flushing cistern volume adjustment and the replacement of washbasin and kitchen taps; (b) flushing cistern volume adjustment and shower replacement and (c) flushing cistern volume adjustment, shower, washbasin, and kitchen taps replacement. Under scenarios 1, 2, and 3, the water consumption reduction was 8.0, 13.2, and 20.4%, respectively. The initial investment for scenario 1 was €2290.5, €859.0 for scenario 2 and €3149.5 for scenario 3; the annual water bill reduction was €7115.4, €11,518.1, and €17,655.9, respectively. Therefore, the turnover of the investment was four (scenario 1), one (scenario 2), and three months (scenario 3). The filter washings attained the required standard for irrigation after being subjected to 15 h of sedimentation.

Performance of water efficiency measures in commercial buildings

2019 ◽  
Vol 143 ◽  
pp. 251-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitor Sousa ◽  
Cristina Matos Silva ◽  
Inês Meireles
Keyword(s):  
Commercial Buildings ◽  
Water Efficiency ◽  
Efficiency Measures

City water stress and industrial water-saving potential in stringent management of China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zongyong Zhang ◽  
Yuli Shan ◽  
Martin Tillotson ◽  
Philippe Ciais ◽  
Hong Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Saving ◽  
Water Withdrawal ◽  
Industrial Water ◽  
Water Efficiency ◽  
Water Savings ◽  
Efficiency Measures ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Annual Water ◽  
City Water ◽  
Water Scarce

Abstract China’s industrial water withdrawal soared in the last decades and remained high. Stringent water management policies were set to save water through improving industrial withdrawal efficiency by 20% between 2015 and 2020. Although China has a nation-wide water scarcity, scarcity at city-level has not been fully explored. Thus, it is meaningful to use sectoral data to investigate industrial water saving potential and implication for alleviating scarcity. Here, we account for water withdrawal and scarcity in 272 prefectural cities, using a 2015 data benchmark. The top 10% of low-efficiency sectors occupied 46% water use. In scenario analysis of 41 sectors across 146 water scarce cities, we assume a convergence of below-average efficiencies to the national sector-average. Results reveal overall efficiency could be increased by 20%, with 18.9 km3 (±3.2%) water savings, equivalent to annual water demand of Australia or Hebei province in China. A minority of sectors (13%) could contribute to most (43%) water savings whilst minimizing economic perturbations. In contrast, implementing water efficiency measures in the majority of sectors would result in significant economic disruption to achieve identical savings. Water efficiency improvements should be targeted towards this minority of sectors: cloth(ing) supply-chain, chemical manufacturing, and electricity and heat supply.

scholarly journals ‘Fear the hose’: an historical exploration of sustainable water use in Perth gardens in the 1970s

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Water Efficiency ◽  
Cultural Meanings ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
Water Board ◽  
Efficiency Measures ◽  
Outdoor Spaces ◽  
Current Water ◽  
Nuanced Understanding

Most of Australia’s capital cities and towns have been on water restrictions since at least 2007. As metropolitan and regional water supplies continue to dwindle in the southern regions of the continent, water managers will impose tighter conditions on the use of limited resources. It is thus important to examine human attachments to their outdoor spaces to better understand how residents will potentially respond to such policies. For policies designed to reduce the domestic consumption of limited resources to succeed, Australians must perceive them as equitable in both their design and outcome. An historical perspective on contemporary sustainability issues such as water scarcity is useful to explain how present-day values and behaviours towards resource use have been formulated, shaped and renegotiated by those experiences of preceding generations. As outdoor water use is an important focus of current water efficiency measures, a more nuanced understanding of the meanings historically invested in certain gardens can provide insights into how residents can react to disruptions in their watering routines. Using 1970s Perth, Western Australia as a case study through which to analyse such reactions, I argue that the water efficiency measures enacted by the then Metropolitan Water Board overlooked the variety of socio-cultural meanings attached to suburban gardens and as a consequence, affected households unequally.

Sacramento implements guidance for river, growth and demand management

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 241-248
Author(s):  
Charles W. Pike
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Water Efficiency ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Efficiency Measures ◽  
American River ◽  
The World ◽  
Aesthetic Values ◽  
Regional Water

The Sacramento California Region has long enjoyed ample water supplies and popular rivers providing esthetic, recreation and environmental resources. Ground and surface water supplies have been managed by twenty independent management agencies. In the 1980s and 1990s the region experienced dramatic population growth and increased water demand. Environmental organizations sought to preserve the environmental values of the Lower American River. Six years of negotiation resulted in the Water Forum Agreement, a memorandum of understanding signed by business and agricultural leaders, citizens groups, environmentalists, water managers, and local governments to fulfill two co-equal objectives: (i) to provide a reliable and safe water supply for the region's economic health and planned development to the year 2030; and (ii) to preserve the fishery, wildlife, recreational, and aesthetic values of the Lower American River. This paper describes three major parameters guiding the water future of the Sacramento Region, which may be a model for other regions of the world: (1) the seven policy elements of the Water Forum Agreement; (2) the Regional Water Authority (RWA) and the Sacramento Groundwater Authority help to implement the policies of the Water Forum Agreement; (3) RWA's regional water efficiency program provides “pick and choose” water efficiency measures to twenty water suppliers in three counties.

scholarly journals Designing Water Efficiency Measures in a Catchment in Greece Using WEAP and SWAT Models

2016 ◽  
Vol 162 ◽  
pp. 269-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Psomas ◽  
Yiannis Panagopoulos ◽  
Dimitra Konsta ◽  
Maria Mimikou
Keyword(s):  
Water Efficiency ◽  
Efficiency Measures
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