from CD99 high expressors but membranes from CD99 low expressors required exposure of 5 minutes before the 32 kD band was apparent [50]. Unfortunately, these tests gave no information about the Xga protein because the position of the Xga band was masked by the antibody light chain which became labelled. However, a 32 kD band was seen in the Xga-immunoprecipitate from Xg(a+) but not from Xg(a-) cells [50]. It has not yet been proved that this is the CD99 protein because this band was not stained by immunoblotting Xga-immunoprecipitates with 12E7. The luciferin-enhanced luminescent proceedure to detect the avidin-biotin label is very much more sensitive than immunoblotting. Our results support the theory that Xga and CD99 may be associated in the membrane. Cloning of the XG gene will increase our understanding of this relationship. The important blood group genes have been cloned but two big problems remain, regulation on antigen expression and the function of blood group polymorphisms. Rare phenotypes should still be studied because they will contribute to unravelling the mechanisms responsible for the polymorphisms. The wealth of serological information which continues to increase includes many examples of variable expression of red cell antigens. Some antigens do not show the same variation on other cells suggesting that some modes of regulation may be limited to red cells. Association of blood group antigens with proteins of known function and identification of red cell antigens on cells other than red cells will contibute to understanding the functions of the blood group polymorphisms. REFERENCES 1. P.L. Mollison, C.P. Engelfreit and M. Contreras, Blood Transfusion in Clinical Medicine. Blackwell Scientfic Publications, Oxford (1993). 2. M. Lewis (Chairman) et al, Vox Sang., 61_, 158-160 (1991). 3. G.L. Daniels, J.J. Moulds (chairman) et al, Vox Sang., 65, 77-80 (1993). 4. A.C. Petty, J. Immunol. Meth., 161. 91-95 (1993). 5. J. M. Moulds, in Immunobiology of Transfusion Medicine. G. Garratty ed. Marcel Dekker. Inc., New York, (1994) pp. 273-297. 6. J.M. Moulds, M.W. Nickells, J.J. Moulds, M.C. Brown and J.P. Atkinson, J. Exp. Med., 173, 1159-1163 (1991). 7. N. Rao, D.J. Ferguson, S-F. Lee and M.J. Telen, J. Immun., 146, 3502-3507 (1991). 8. A.C. Petty, (abs) Transfusion Medicine 3 Suppl 1, 84 (1993). 9. J.M. Moulds, J.J. Moulds, M. Brown and J.P. Atkinson, Vox Sang. 62, 230-235 (1992).

1995 ◽  
pp. 198-198
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Blood Group ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Antigen Expression ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Blood Group Antigens ◽  
Transfusion Medicine ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Variable Expression ◽  
Red Cell Antigens

scholarly journals Detection of red cell alloantibodies in thalassaemia patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ansuman Sahu ◽  
Pankaj Parida ◽  
Smita Mahapatra ◽  
Binay Bhusan Sahoo
Keyword(s):  
Blood Group ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
P Value ◽  
Blood Group Antigens ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Thalassaemia Major ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Blood Group Serology ◽  
Clinically Significant

Background: β-thalassaemia patients receive regular blood transfusion to thrive. Due to antigen disparity between the blood donors and these patients they develop red cell alloantibodies due to alloimmunization.  The objective of this study is to predict the frequency of red cell alloimmunization amongst β-thalassaemia major patients receiving regular blood transfusion.Methods: This study including 106 patients with β-thalassaemia was conducted in the department of Transfusion Medicine, S. C. B. Medical College, Cuttack for a period of 12 months. Alloantibodies to different red cell blood group antigens in multi-transfused thalassaemia patients were detected using the glass bead technology for blood group serology in the present study.Results: Out of 106 β-thalassaemia major patients included in the study, 7.5% of patients developed alloantibodies, all being clinically significant. The alloantibodies were anti-E, anti c, anti e and anti-D. The rate of incidence of these alloantibodies was 3.8%, 1.9%, 0.9% and 0.9% respectively.  There was a significant association between alloantibody formation with number of transfused packed red cells (Mann-Whitney Test: p value = 0.035) and age at first transfusion (p value = 0.001). The factors having no association with alloimmunization to red cell antigens are age and gender.Conclusions: Alloimmunization to various erythrocyte blood group antigens is a common problem in multi-transfused β-thalassaemia patients. There is an association between number of transfused packed red cells and age at first transfusion with alloantibody formation in the study.

Rhesus Gene Family and Blood Group Antigens—Molecular Aspects in Relation to Genomic Transfusion Medicine

2009 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Cheng-Han Huang ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Group ◽  
Genomic Medicine ◽  
Allelic Diversity ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Antigen Expression ◽  
Blood Group System ◽  
Blood Group Antigens ◽  
Transfusion Medicine ◽  
Group System ◽  
Molecular Aspects

The Rhesus (Rh) antigens form a blood group system of major significance in transfusion medicine due to their polymorphic nature at a population level and their potency as protein immunogens, which in response to incompatibility induce harmful hemolytic reactions. For seven decades, the Rh family has undergone extensive investigation and has served as a model for studies on membrane biology with a focus on biochemistry and genetics. The past decade has seen a rapid growth of molecular data on Rh allelic diversity and a major effort in probing the function of Rh proteins as gas channels in the membrane. It is now established that the antigen carrier RhD or RhCE and its regulator RhAG, the erythroid branches of the Rh family, dictate antigen expression, which together with RhBG and RhCG, the epithelial branches of the Rh family, penetrate all vertebrate animals and arise from a common ancestor of unicellular origin. Hematology and immunohematology, similar to other clinical disciplines, are on the horizon of genomic medicine, being transformed by the new knowledge of chromosome biology and gene expression. This article addresses the molecular aspects of the Rh protein family with an emphasis on its blood group system, relating translation research to genomic transfusion medicine.

Depressed blood group antigens on red cells from a Mexican donor

Transfusion ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Biro ◽  
G Garratty ◽  
CL Johnson ◽  
WL Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Blood Group ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Blood Group Antigens

Cytogenetic, anatomical and blood group studies of sheep twin chimaeras

1970 ◽  
Vol 175 (1039) ◽  
pp. 183-200 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Group ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
X Protein ◽  
Blood Grouping

Karyotyping and blood grouping methods were used to identify sheep twin chimaeras. Evidence that an exchange of blood cell precursors (the origin of chimaerism) had taken place in utero was obtained by examining lymphocytes in culture and finding the chromosomes of both sexes in one individual, or by finding admixture of red cell antigens, haemoglobin or ‘X ’ protein. Where chimaerism of sex chromosomes was found the pairs had identical red cell types, but two separate populations of red cells were not always identifiable. The four females in the pairs studied were freemartins. No correlation was found between the relative proportions of the two red cell populations and those of the two white cell populations. In one pair of chimaeric ewes, breeding tests showed that the major red cell populations in each case were the true genetic type. In the freemartins no correlation was found between the degree of masculinity and the numbers of male lymphocytes. A possible correlation of masculinity with red cell proportions is discussed.

Seasonal Tracking of Histo-Blood Group Antigen Expression and Norovirus Binding in Oyster Gastrointestinal Cells

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 1696-1700 ◽  
Author(s):  
PENG TIAN ◽  
ANNA L. ENGELBREKTSON ◽  
ROBERT E. MANDRELL
Keyword(s):  
Blood Group ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Antigen Expression ◽  
Blood Group Antigen ◽  
Viral Gastroenteritis ◽  
Blood Group Antigens ◽  
Pacific Oysters ◽  
Crassostrea Sikamea ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Viral Receptors

Noroviruses (NORs) are the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks. Outbreaks are often associated with the consumption of contaminated oysters and generally occur between the months of November and March, when oysters produce the highest levels of glycogen. Oyster glycogen has been proposed as playing a role in NOR accumulation. Recent research indicates that histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) function as viral receptors on human gastrointestinal cells. In this study, oyster glycogen was tested to determine whether it contains HBGA-like molecules and whether it plays a role in NOR binding. The correlation between the amount of HBGA expression and NOR binding also was measured. We also tested whether seasonal changes affected HBGA expression and binding of recombinant NORs. The results indicate that recombinant NOR binding is highly correlated with HBGA expression in Virginica (Crassostrea virginica), Pacific (Crassostrea gigas), and Kumamato (Crassostrea sikamea) oysters, but the association does not have a seasonal pattern. No obvious trend in either HBGA expression or recombinant NOR binding by month was noted. A significant increase in recombinant NOR binding was observed in Virginica and Pacific oysters in a season not generally associated with NOR gastroenteritis outbreaks. A significant increase in HBGA expression also was observed for Pacific and Virginica oysters in the same season. Paradoxically, HBGA expression and NOR binding both were higher in oysters produced in the non–NOR gastroenteritis season (April through October) than in those produced in the NOR gastroenteritis season (November through March), suggesting that seasonal NOR gastroenteritis outbreaks are not associated with high levels of HBGA expression or NOR binding.

scholarly journals Heterogeneic expression of blood group A and H isoantigens in bladder tumors: association with nuclear volume.

1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 1153-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
T F Orntoft ◽  
K Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Blood Group ◽  
Transitional Cell ◽  
Antigen Expression ◽  
Nuclear Volume ◽  
Intratumor Heterogeneity ◽  
Blood Group Antigens ◽  
Pathological Grade ◽  
Blood Group A ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean

Intratumor heterogeneity is a major problem in immunodiagnosis and treatment of carcinomas. To elucidate the well-known heterogeneity in transitional-cell carcinomas of the ability to express blood group ABO isoantigens, a stereological estimate of the mean nuclear volume in areas expressing blood group antigens was compared to the estimate from areas of identical pathological grade at which antigen expression was deleted. Four microscopic fields were examined from antigen-positive and four from antigen-negative areas in sections from 21 blood group O and 20 blood group A individuals. The sections were stained before examination by an indirect peroxidase method using monoclonal anti-H and anti-A antibodies. The mean nuclear volume increased, as expected, with increasing pathological grade. In blood group O individuals the mean nuclear volume was 241.5 microns 3 in antigen-positive areas and 338.2 microns 3 in antigen-negative areas (2p less than 0.0005) of identical pathological grade. In group A individuals the mean nuclear volume was 217.1 microns 3 in positive areas and 351.1 microns 3 in corresponding negative areas (2p less than 0.0025). The variation in volume parameter was essentially caused by a true variation between tumors (greater than 82%). The results indicate a complex biological mechanism associated with the cellular ability to express blood group antigens.

SI07 High-Throughput Genotyping for Red Cell and Platelet Blood Group Antigens by DNA Micro Arrays

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (s1) ◽  
pp. 5-5
Author(s):  
M. de Haas ◽  
C. E. van der Schoot ◽  
P. A. Maaskant-van Wijk
Keyword(s):  
Blood Group ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Blood Group Antigens ◽  
Red Cell

Increased Sensitivity of Tests for the Detection of Blood Group Antigens in Stains Using a Low Ionic Strength Medium

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. McDowall ◽  
P. J. Lincoln ◽  
B. E. Dodd
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Blood Group ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Blood Group Antigens ◽  
Additional Advantage ◽  
Suspension Medium ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Low Ionic Strength ◽  
Strength Medium

The incorporation of a low ionic strength solution (LISS) in the micro-elution technique used for the detection of blood group antigens in stains markedly improves the test's sensitivity. This is because LISS increases the amount of antibody taken up by the antigen in the stain which results in a greater yield of antibody recovered from the slain by elution. LISS also enhances the activity of the eluted antibody if it is introduced as a suspension medium for the red cells used to detect the antibody. The introduction of suitably diluted AB serum as diluent when testing the eluates is an additional advantage. The improvement in the sensitivity of the micro-elution technique is great enough in some instances to allow the detection of an antigen in a stain which is undetectable in the absence of LISS. Moreover some doubtful positive reactions are enhanced sufficiently for the presence of an antigen to be definitely established.

Extended Matching of Red Cell Antigens for Patients with Sickle Cell Anemia Decreases the Rate of Alloimmunization.

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 3389-3389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Ambruso ◽  
Michele LaSalle-Williams ◽  
Tuan Le ◽  
Laura Cole ◽  
Kathy Hassell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Sickle Cell Anemia ◽  
Perfect Match ◽  
Major Complication ◽  
Blood Group Antigens ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Packed Red Blood Cells ◽  
Red Cell Antigens ◽  
Absolute Requirement ◽  
Antibody Screen

Abstract Introduction: Transfusions of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) remain an important treatment for the severe complications of sickle cell anemia. A major complication of transfusions, however, is the formation of alloantibodies to minor red cell antigens. Since 1978 we have provided extended matching for sickle cell patients requiring chronic or intermittent transfusions. We present here a review of our experience with extended matching for decreasing the rate of alloimmunization. Methods: Records of patients with sickle hemoglobinopathies enrolled in the Colorado Sickle Cell Treatment and Research Center between December 31, 1993 and January 1, 2006 were reviewed under a protocol approved by the COMIRB at UCDHSC. At enrollment, serologic testing was completed on patients for the following blood group antigens: ABO; Rhesus (C,c,D,E,e); Kell (K,k); Duffy (Fya,Fyb); Kidd (Jka,Jkb); Lewis (Lea,Leb); and MNS (M,N,S,s). Donors were typed for the same antigens. For all transfusions, a perfect match was sought. Perfect matches for Rhesus, Kell, Duffy (Fya) and Kidd were an absolute requirement. Mismatches were allowed for Fyb and MNS when an identical match could not be found because of lower risk of sensitization and for Le because of infrequent hemolytic transfusion reactions. Antibody screens were completed as part of crossmatch technique at the time of each transfusion by standard methods. When an antibody screen was positive, standard antiglobulin and enzyme techniques and cell panels were used to identify the antibody. For the purposes of this study, the extent of matching and numbers and types of antibodies was determined. Results: The study population included 104 patients who received transfusions exclusively on the matching protocol; 57 were males and 47 were females. The age of first transfusion ranged from the first year of life to 19.7 years (mean 7.5 years). Hemoglobinopathies included 90 Hgb SS, 11 Hgb SC, and 3 HbS β-thalassemia. During the study, 6,978 transfusions of PRBCs were administered; mean per patient, 68; range 1–519. Of the total number of transfusions, 525 were exactly matched for all antigens. When mismatches for Le, Fyb and MNS were discounted, 6,217 were exactly matched. Of 104 patients, seven (6.7%) developed one alloantibody each: 1 anti-Lea, 1 anti-Kpa, 2 anti-M and 3 anti-D mosaic. Because the three patients who developed anti-D were mosaics and typed as Rh(D) positive, they would have developed antibodies with any approach to providing PRBCs. Excluding these three, the rate of antibody production was 0.06 antibodies per 100 units transfused. This represents more than a 50-fold decrease in development of alloantibodies compared to typing for ABO and Rh(D) alone (historical controls, 33% of patients alloimmunized, 3.5 antibodies/100 units transfused). Minimal difficulties were encountered in the patients who had developed alloantibodies; matching appropriate units to the antibodies and antigens in their phenotype were not difficult. Conclusion: Extended matching of red cell antigens dramatically reduces the rate of alloimmunization in patients with sickle cell anemia. Whenever possible, extended matching beyond Rhesus and Kell should be considered to avoid antibodies to minor red cell antigens and their complications.

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