scholarly journals Continuous Free Cortisol Profiles—Circadian Rhythms in Healthy Men

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (12) ◽  
pp. 5935-5947 ◽  
Author(s):  
R C Bhake ◽  
V Kluckner ◽  
H Stassen ◽  
G M Russell ◽  
J Leendertz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Free Cortisol ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Cortisol Levels ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Abstract Context The pituitary–adrenal axis had historically been considered a representative model for circadian rhythms. A recently developed portable collection device has provided the opportunity to evaluate free cortisol profiles using the microdialysis approach in individuals free to conduct their day-to-day activities in their own surroundings. Methods Two separate experiments were conducted in healthy male volunteers. The total and subcutaneous (SC) free cortisol levels were measured at 10-minute intervals for a 24-hour period in one experiment, and the SC free cortisol levels were measured at 20-minute interval for 72 consecutive hours in free-living individuals in the second experiment. Results The characteristic circadian rhythm was evident in both serum total and SC free cortisol, with the lowest levels achieved and maintained in the hours surrounding sleep onset and the peak levels occurring in every individual around waking. In all free-living individuals, the circadian rhythm was consistent across the 72-hour period, despite a wide range of activities. All the participants also showed increased cortisol after the consumption of lunch. The lowest levels during all 24-hour periods were observed during the hours after lights off, at the onset of sleep. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to report up to three consecutive 24-hour measurements of SC free cortisol in healthy individuals. We believe our study is a landmark study that paves the way for ambulatory monitoring of free cortisol profiles continuously for a period of 72 hours in free-living individuals performing their day-to-day activities whether healthy or with diseases involving the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis.

Overt Glucocorticoid Excess Due to Inhaled Corticosteroid Therapy

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 452-455
Author(s):  
Gregory A. Hollman ◽  
David B. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Triamcinolone Acetonide ◽  
Inhaled Corticosteroids ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Systemic Absorption ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Cortisol Levels ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Inhaled corticosteroids have become an important therapeutic option in the treatment of childhood asthma. The preparations currently available for pediatric use (beclomethasone dipropionate and triamcinolone acetonide) do not, in general, cause significant hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression and physical signs of glucocorticoid excess have not been described with their use. We report an 8-year-old girl with asthma in whom obesity, hirsutism, and growth retardation developed during treatment with inhaled triamcinolone acetonide alone. Laboratory studies showed suppression of endogenous cortisol production but did not demonstrate suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Cessation of inhaled triamcinolone acetonide therapy resulted in resolution of obesity and hirsutism, resumption of normal growth, and a return to normal of serum cortisol levels and urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroid excretion. Careful monitoring of growth velocity and (if clinically indicated) morning serum cortisol levels in asthmatic children using inhaled corticorsteroids will detect the rare instance of glucocorticoid excess resulting from systemic absorption of these drugs.

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis changes allow seasonal modulation of corticosterone in a bird

1998 ◽  
Vol 274 (5) ◽  
pp. R1338-R1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Michael Romero ◽  
Kiran K. Soma ◽  
John C. Wingfield
Keyword(s):  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Factor ◽  
Arginine Vasotocin ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Maximal Output ◽  
Calcarius Lapponicus ◽  
Corticosterone Release ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

We examined possible mechanisms underlying seasonal stress modulation in Lapland longspurs ( Calcarius lapponicus), a species that breeds and molts (the energetically costly replacement of feathers) in the Alaskan Arctic. Free-living Lapland longspurs show dramatically reduced maximal corticosterone release during molt compared with the breeding season, an effect lost in captive birds. Neither changes in corticosterone binding proteins nor the overall condition of the bird (assessed by weight and fat storage) can explain different seasonal corticosterone responses. Adrenal insensitivity also does not fully explain reduced maximal output because exogenous ACTH enhanced corticosterone release during molt. Exogenous ACTH in molting birds, however, cannot stimulate corticosterone to stress-induced levels during breeding, implying reduced adrenal capacity. Lapland longspur pituitaries appeared to respond to exogenous corticotropin-releasing factor, arginine vasotocin, and mesotocin (the avian equivalents of arginine vasopressin and oxytocin) during molt, suggesting that a mechanism upstream of the pituitary blunts corticosterone release. Taken together, these results indicate that seasonal modulation of corticosterone release in this species is controlled at multiple sites in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

OPIATE MODULATION OF THE PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS: EFFECTS OF STRESS AND CIRCADIAN RHYTHM

1982 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. GROSSMAN ◽  
R. C. GAILLARD ◽  
P. McCARTNEY ◽  
LESLEY H. REES ◽  
G. M. BESSER
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Effects Of Stress ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

scholarly journals MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: A sense of time of the glucocorticoid circadian clock: from the ontogeny to the diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome

2018 ◽  
Vol 179 (1) ◽  
pp. R1-R18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayrton Custodio Moreira ◽  
Sonir Rauber Antonini ◽  
Margaret de Castro
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Clock Genes ◽  
Circadian Variation ◽  
Circadian System ◽  
Feedback Loops ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Sense Of Time ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Hierarchical Manner

The circadian rhythm of glucocorticoids has long been recognised within the last 75 years. Since the beginning, researchers have sought to identify basic mechanisms underlying the origin and emergence of the corticosteroid circadian rhythmicity among mammals. Accordingly, Young, Hall and Rosbash, laureates of the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, as well as Takahashi’s group among others, have characterised the molecular cogwheels of the circadian system, describing interlocking transcription/translation feedback loops essential for normal circadian rhythms. Plasma glucocorticoid circadian variation depends on the expression of intrinsic clock genes within the anatomic components of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, which are organised in a hierarchical manner. This review presents a general overview of the glucocorticoid circadian clock mechanisms, highlighting the ontogeny of the pituitary–adrenal axis diurnal rhythmicity as well as the involvement of circadian rhythm abnormalities in the physiopathology and diagnosis of Cushing’s disease.

Urinary-free cortisol in depressed patients and controls: relationship to urinary indices of noradrenergic function

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alec Roy ◽  
Markku Linnoila ◽  
Farouk Karoum ◽  
David Pickar
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Free Cortisol ◽  
Noradrenergic System ◽  
Vanillylmandelic Acid ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
Free Cortisol ◽  
Noradrenergic Function ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Normal Controls

SynopsisWe measured urinary outputs of urinary-free cortisol in 28 medication-free depressed patients and 32 normal controls. Depressed patients had significantly greater urinary outputs of urinary-free cortisol than controls. Also, there were significant correlations among depressed patients, but not among controls, between urinary-free cortisol and urinary outputs of norepinephrine and its metabolite vanillylmandelic acid (VMA). These urinary data extend recent findings suggesting that dysregulation of both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and noradrenergic system occur together in depression.

The phosphodiesterases type 5 inhibitor tadalafil reduces the activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in men during cycle ergometric exercise

2012 ◽  
Vol 302 (8) ◽  
pp. E972-E978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Di Luigi ◽  
Paolo Sgrò ◽  
Carlo Baldari ◽  
Maria Chiara Gallotta ◽  
Gian Pietro Emerenziani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Free Cortisol ◽  
Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors may influence human physiology, health, and performance by also modulating endocrine pathways. We evaluated the effects of a 2-day tadalafil administration on adenohypophyseal and adrenal hormone adaptation to exercise in humans. Fourteen healthy males were included in a double-blind crossover trial. Each volunteer randomly received two tablets of placebo or tadalafil (20 mg/day with a 36-h interval) before a maximal exercise was performed. After a 2-wk washout, the volunteers were crossed over. Blood samples were collected at −30 and −15 min and immediately before exercise, immediately after, and during recovery (+15, +30, +60, and +90 min) for adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), β-endorphin, growth hormone (GH), prolactin, cortisol (C), corticosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEAS), and cortisol binding globulin (CBG) assays. C-to-CBG (free cortisol index, FCI) and DHEAS-to-C ratios were calculated. Exercise intensity, perceived exertion rate, O2 consumption, and CO2 and blood lactate concentration were evaluated. ACTH, GH, C, corticosterone, and CBG absolute concentrations and/or areas under the curve (AUC) increased after exercise after both placebo and tadalafil. Exercise increased DHEAS only after placebo. Compared with placebo, tadalafil administration reduced the ACTH, C, corticosterone, and FCI responses to exercise and was associated with higher β-endorphin AUC and DHEAS-to-C ratio during recovery, without influencing cardiorespiratory and performance parameters. Tadalafil reduced the activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis during exercise by probably influencing the brain's nitric oxide- and cGMP-mediated pathways. Further studies are necessary to confirm our results and to identify the involved mechanisms, possible health risks, and potential clinical uses.

scholarly journals Accuracy of several parameters of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity in predicting before surgery the metabolic effects of the removal of an adrenal incidentaloma

2010 ◽  
Vol 163 (6) ◽  
pp. 925-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Eller-Vainicher ◽  
Valentina Morelli ◽  
Antonio Stefano Salcuni ◽  
Claudia Battista ◽  
Massimo Torlontano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Incidentaloma ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Urinary Free Cortisol ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Free Cortisol ◽  
Metabolic Outcome ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

ContextIt is unknown whether the metabolic effects of the removal of an adrenal incidentaloma (AI) can be predicted by the assessment of cortisol hypersecretion before surgery.ObjectiveTo evaluate the accuracy of several criteria of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity in predicting the metabolic outcome after adrenalectomy.DesignRetrospective longitudinal study.PatientsIn 55 surgically treated AI patients (Group 1) before surgery and in 53 nontreated AI patients (Group 2) at the baseline, urinary free cortisol (UFC), cortisol after 1 mg overnight dexamethasone-suppression test (1 mg-DST), ACTH, and midnight serum cortisol (MSC) were measured. In Groups 1 and 2, metabolic parameters were evaluated before and 29.6±13.8 months after surgery and at the baseline and after 35.2±10.9 months respectively.Main outcome measuresThe improvement/worsening of weight, blood pressure, glucose, and cholesterol levels (endpoints) was defined by the presence of a >5% weight decrease/increase and following the European Society of Cardiology or the ATP III criteria respectively. The accuracy of UFC, 1 mg-DST, ACTH, and MSC, singularly taken or in combination, in predicting the improvement/worsening of ≥2 endpoints was calculated.ResultsThe presence of ≥2 among UFC>70 μg/24 h (193 nmol/l), ACTH<10 pg/ml (2.2 pmol/l), 1 mg-DST>3.0 μg/dl (83 nmol/l) (UFC–ACTH–DST criterion) had the best accuracy in predicting the endpoints' improvement (sensitivity (SN) 65.2%, specificity (SP) 68.8%) after surgery. In the nontreated AI patients, this criterion predicted the worsening of ≥2 endpoints (SN 55.6%, SP 82.9%).ConclusionsThe UFC–ACTH–DST criterion seems to be the best for predicting the metabolic outcome in surgically treated AI patients.

scholarly journals Hair Cortisol Levels to Monitor Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity in Healthy Dairy Cows

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 3623-3626 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Peric ◽  
A. Prandi ◽  
A. Comin ◽  
M. Montillo ◽  
M. Faustini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Hair Cortisol ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Cortisol Levels ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis
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