scholarly journals Inequality in Place: Effects of Exposure to Neighborhood-Level Economic Inequality on Mortality

Demography ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Zhao ◽  
Philipp Hessel ◽  
Juli Simon Thomas ◽  
Jason Beckfield
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Dynamic Relationship ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Differential Exposure ◽  
The Life Course

Abstract This study contributes to the debate on whether income inequality is harmful for health by addressing several analytical weaknesses of previous studies. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics in combination with tract-level measures of income inequality in the United States, we estimate the effects of differential exposure to income inequality during three decades of the life course on mortality. Our study is among the first to consider the implications of income inequality within U.S. tracts for mortality using longitudinal and individual-level data. In addition, we improve upon prior work by accounting for the dynamic relationship between local areas and individuals' health, using marginal structural models to account for changes in exposure to local income inequality. In contrast to other studies that found no significant relation between income inequality and mortality, we find that recent exposure to higher local inequality predicts higher relative risk of mortality among individuals at ages 45 or older.

scholarly journals Keeping up with the Joneses: How Households Fared in the Era of High Income Inequality and the Housing Price Bubble, 1999–2007

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Fligstein ◽  
Orestes P Hastings ◽  
Adam Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Housing Price ◽  
The United States ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Price Bubble ◽  
Housing Costs ◽  
The Status ◽  
Residential Moves ◽  
The U.S

Sociologists conceptualize lifestyles as structured hierarchically where people seek to emulate those higher up. Growing income inequality in the United States means those at the top bid up the price of valued goods like housing and those in lower groups have struggled to maintain their relative positions. We explore this process in the context of the U.S. housing market from 1999 to 2007 by analyzing over 4,000 residential moves from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Houses are the ultimate status symbol. Their size, quality, and location signal to others that one has (or has not) arrived. We show that in areas where income inequality was higher, all movers went deeper into debt and increased their monthly housing costs to live in more desirable neighborhoods. But because people at the top of the income distribution had so much more money, they were able to take on less debt to keep their position in the status queue. Everyone below them who made a move to buy a house took on more debt, particularly in areas with higher income inequality. This evidence suggests that growing inequality implies that those at the top buy the best homes while others struggle to keep pace amid rising housing costs.

scholarly journals Keeping up with the Joneses: How Households Fared in the Era of High Income Inequality and the Housing Price Bubble, 1999–2007

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 237802311772233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Fligstein ◽  
Orestes P. Hastings ◽  
Adam Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Housing Price ◽  
The United States ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Price Bubble ◽  
Housing Costs ◽  
The Status ◽  
Residential Moves ◽  
The U.S

Sociologists conceptualize lifestyles as structured hierarchically where people seek to emulate those higher up. Growing income inequality in the United States means those at the top bid up the price of valued goods like housing and those in lower groups have struggled to maintain their relative positions. We explore this process in the context of the U.S. housing market from 1999 to 2007 by analyzing over 4,000 residential moves from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Houses are the ultimate status symbol. Their size, quality, and location signal to others that one has (or has not) arrived. We show that in areas where income inequality was higher, all movers went deeper into debt and increased their monthly housing costs to live in more desirable neighborhoods. But because people at the top of the income distribution had so much more money, they were able to take on less debt to keep their position in the status queue. Everyone below them who made a move to buy a house took on more debt, particularly in areas with higher income inequality. This evidence suggests that growing inequality implies that those at the top buy the best homes while others struggle to keep pace amid rising housing costs.

Abstract P636: Social Determinants of Stroke Hospitalization and Mortality in the United States

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Randhir Sagar Yadav ◽  
Durgesh Chaudhary ◽  
Shima Shahjouei ◽  
Jiang Li ◽  
Vida Abedi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
The United States ◽  
Care Physician ◽  
County Level ◽  
Medicare Beneficiaries ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Control And Prevention

Introduction: Stroke hospitalization and mortality are influenced by various social determinants. This ecological study aimed to determine the associations between social determinants and stroke hospitalization and outcome at county-level in the United States. Methods: County-level data were recorded from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as of January 7, 2020. We considered four outcomes: all-age (1) Ischemic and (2) Hemorrhagic stroke Death rates per 100,000 individuals (ID and HD respectively), and (3) Ischemic and (4) Hemorrhagic stroke Hospitalization rate per 1,000 Medicare beneficiaries (IH and HH respectively). Results: Data of 3,225 counties showed IH (12.5 ± 3.4) and ID (22.2 ± 5.1) were more frequent than HH (2.0 ± 0.4) and HD (9.8 ± 2.1). Income inequality as expressed by Gini Index was found to be 44.6% ± 3.6% and unemployment rate was 4.3% ± 1.5%. Only 29.8% of the counties had at least one hospital with neurological services. The uninsured rate was 11.0% ± 4.7% and people living within half a mile of a park was only 18.7% ± 17.6%. Age-adjusted obesity rate was 32.0% ± 4.5%. In regression models, age-adjusted obesity (OR for IH: 1.11; HH: 1.04) and number of hospitals with neurological services (IH: 1.40; HH: 1.50) showed an association with IH and HH. Age-adjusted obesity (ID: 1.16; HD: 1.11), unemployment (ID: 1.21; HD: 1.18) and income inequality (ID: 1.09; HD: 1.11) showed an association with ID and HD. Park access showed inverse associations with all four outcomes. Additionally, population per primary-care physician was associated with HH while number of pharmacy and uninsured rate were associated with ID. All associations and OR had p ≤0.04. Conclusion: Unemployment and income inequality are significantly associated with increased stroke mortality rates.

scholarly journals Intergenerational Mobility in the United States: What We Have Learned from the PSID

2018 ◽  
Vol 680 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhashkar Mazumder
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Mobility Studies ◽  
Advanced Economies

This article reviews the contributions of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to the study of intergenerational mobility. The PSID enables researchers to track individuals as they form new households and covers many dimensions of socioeconomic status over large portions of the life cycle, making the data ideal for studying intergenerational mobility. Studies have used PSID data to show that the United States is among the least economically mobile countries among advanced economies. The PSID has been instrumental to understanding various dimensions of intergenerational mobility, including occupation; wealth; education; consumption; health; and group differences by gender, race, and region. Studies using the PSID have also cast light on the mechanisms behind intergenerational persistence.

scholarly journals Where Are You From? Assortative Mating by Place of Origin in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAO-CHUN CHENG
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Marriage Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Place Identity ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Place Of Origin ◽  
And Gender

Previous studies showed that assortative mating occurred based on different social dimensions, such as age, education, and race or ethnicity. However, these studies ignored the potential impact of place of origin on people’s place identity and habitus and their associations with assortative mating in the United States. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), in conjunction with the Current Population Survey (CPS), this study finds a clear pattern of assortative mating based on place of origin. Moreover, the results suggest that there are regional differences in assortative mating by place of origin, especially for women. Also, the length of residence shapes people’s habitus and thus the pattern of homogeneous matching by place of origin. The significant effects of race or ethnicity and the conditions of the marriage market before marriage vary by scale of place and gender. These findings suggest that place of origin is another dimension of assortative mating.

scholarly journals Tenure, Turnover, And Earnings Profiles In Germany And The United States

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth A. Couch
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Job Turnover ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Employment Tenure ◽  
Returns To Experience ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Male Workers

Employment tenure, job turnover and returns to general and specific skills are examined for male workers in Germany and the United States using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics.  Employment in Germany is characterized by longer duration and less frequent turnover than in the United States.  Returns to experience and tenure are lower in Germany than in the U.S.; however, peak earnings occur later.  This delayed peak in the employment-earnings profile provides an incentive for German workers to remain longer with their employers and change jobs less frequently.

The Economic Roots of External Efficacy: Assessing the Relationship between External Political Efficacy and Income Inequality

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 791-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikel Norris
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Efficacy ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The 1960S

AbstractExternal political efficacy, the belief that government is responsive to the demands of its citizens, has been declining in the United States since the 1960s. However, scholars do not yet fully understand the reasons for its decline. Nor have they found suitable explanations for why it fluctuates within the electorate. Drawing on the growing literature on the effects of income inequality on public policy, I posit that increasing income inequality factors into the decline of external political efficacy. Using multilevel regression models accounting for individual and contextual factors, I find increasing state-level income inequality has a substantial negative effect on external political efficacy. It is greater than most state and national-level economic measures or individual-level variables on external political efficacy. These results have important implications both for research on income inequality and political participation and also for research on income inequality and distributional public policy.

Education and Health across Lives and Cohorts: A Study of Cumulative (Dis)advantage and Its Rising Importance in Germany

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliya Leopold ◽  
Thomas Leopold
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Contextual Influences ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Health Trajectories ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Educational Gaps

Research from the United States has supported two hypotheses. First, educational gaps in health widen with age—the cumulative (dis)advantage hypothesis. Second, this relationship has intensified across cohorts—the rising importance hypothesis. In this article, we used 23 waves of panel data (Socio-Economic Panel Study, 1992–2014) to examine both hypotheses in the German context. We considered individual and contextual influences on the association between education and health, and we assessed gender differences in health trajectories over the life course (ages 23 to 84) and across cohorts (born between 1930 and 1969). For women, we found no support for either hypothesis, as educational gaps in self-rated health remained stable with age and across cohorts. Among men, we found support for both hypotheses, as educational gaps in self-rated health widened with age and increasingly in newer cohorts.

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