Tentacle morphogenesis in hydra. II. Formation of a complex between a sensory nerve cell and a battery cell

Development ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 897-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Hobmayer ◽  
T.W. Holstein ◽  
C.N. David
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Nerve Cell ◽  
Interstitial Cell ◽  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
S Phase ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Battery Cell ◽  
Head Activator ◽  
Hydra Magnipapillata

Differentiation of sensory nerve cells in tentacles of Hydra magnipapillata was investigated using the monoclonal antibody NV1. NV1+ sensory nerve cells form specific complexes with battery cells in tentacles. NV1+ cells can only be formed by differentiation from interstitial cell precursors. These precursors complete a terminal cell cycle in the distal gastric region at the base of tentacles; differentiation from the S/G2 boundary to expression of the NV1 antigen requires 30h. During this time, precursors move from the distal gastric region into the tentacles, differentiate to morphologically fully formed nerve cells and then begin expressing NV1 antigen. The neuropeptide head activator stimulates NV1+ differentiation in S-phase of the precursor's cell cycle.

scholarly journals Tentacle morphogenesis in hydra. I. The role of head activator

Development ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 887-895
Author(s):  
E. Hobmayer ◽  
T.W. Holstein ◽  
C.N. David
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Head Region ◽  
Head Activator ◽  
Tissue Size ◽  
Hydra Magnipapillata ◽  
Stimulation Of

Stimulation of tentacle-specific cell differentiation by the neuropeptide head activator was investigated in Hydra magnipapillata. Tentacle-specific sensory nerve cells were identified by a monoclonal antibody, NV1. Treatment of hydra with 1pM head activator for 18h stimulated differentiation of NV1+ nerve cells and tentacle epithelial cells in tissue from the distal gastric region. Head tissue and tissue from the proximal gastric region did not respond to head activator treatment with increased NV1+ differentiation. Hence the distal gastric region appears to be the site of tentacle formation in hydra. Tentacle precursors in head tissue seem to be committed since they fail to respond to head activator or to changes in tissue size with altered amounts of tentacle formation. We suggest that NV1 precursors form a complex with tentacle epithelial cell precursors, which then moves distally through the head region into the tentacles. The signal for NV1+ differentiation appears to be formation of this complex.

scholarly journals Inhibition of human lymphocyte proliferation by monoclonal antibody to transferrin receptor

Blood ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 821-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Mendelsohn ◽  
I Trowbridge ◽  
J Castagnola
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Lymphocyte Proliferation ◽  
Human Lymphocytes ◽  
Nitrilotriacetic Acid ◽  
S Phase ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Mitogenic Response ◽  
Cell Cycle Inhibition ◽  
Partial Reversal

Abstract A monoclonal antibody, 42/6, which blocks the binding of transferrin to its receptor on the cell membrane, inhibits proliferation of human lymphocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutinin. Anti-receptor antibody B3/25, which does not block transferrin binding, does not alter the mitogenic response. Addition of soluble iron, in the form of ferric nitrilotriacetic acid, results in partial reversal of inhibition. Lymphocytes in the quiescent phase of the cell cycle at the time of 42/6 antibody addition are unable to traverse S phase, whereas cells actively proliferating when antibody is added are sensitive to its inhibitory effects throughout all phases of the cell cycle. Inhibition is static rather than cidal, since it can be reversed by removal of antibody after up to 48 hr of exposure.

scholarly journals Genetic analysis of developmental mechanisms in Hydra. II. Isolation and characterization of an interstitial cell-deficient strain

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sugiyama ◽  
T. Fujisawa
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Mutant Strain ◽  
Interstitial Cell ◽  
Interstitial Cells ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Developmental Mechanisms ◽  
Hydra Magnipapillata

A mutant strain (nf-I) of Hydra magnipapillata was isolated that contained no interstitial cells, nerve cells or nematocytes. This strain appeared spontaneously in a sexually inbred clone of hydra, and it was recognized by its inability to eat. When force-fed, however, it grew, multiplied by budding and regenerated. In this and in many other respects, nf-I was very similar to the interstitial cell-deficient strain produced by Campbell (1976) by means of colchicine. A chimera strain was produced by the reintroduction of interstitial cells from another strain into nf-I. The properties of nf-I, the chimera and other related strains were examined, and the possible roles that the interstitial cells and the nerve cells play in growth and morphogenesis of hydra are discussed.

Control of nerve cell formation from multipotent stem cells in Hydra

1979 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Berking
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Nerve Cell ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
S Phase ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Endogenous Inhibitor ◽  
Multipotent Stem Cells ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Short Signal ◽  
Time Of Feeding

Feeding of starved animals provides a very short signal which determines stem cells to differentiate into nerve cells after the next mitosis. Only those stem cells become determined which are just in the middle of their S-phase at the time of feeding. Stem cells of any other stage of the cycle do not become determined. Nerve cell determination is suppressed by very low concentrations of an endogenous inhibitor. The inhibitor exerts its effect only during the first half of the S-phase, not before and not after this period. Based on these finding it is proposed that stem cells are susceptible to 2 different signals during the first half of their S-phase; one signal allows the development into nerve cells, the other prevents this development. Within this period the decision whether to become a nerve cell or not is reversible. It becomes fixed at the end of this period.

Regulation of interstitial cell differentiation in Hydra attenuata. VI. Positional pattern of nerve cell commitment is independent of local nerve cell density

1981 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-98
Author(s):  
S. Heimfeld ◽  
H.R. Bode
Keyword(s):  
Cell Density ◽  
Nerve Cell ◽  
Interstitial Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hydra Attenuata ◽  
Cell Densities ◽  
Cell Commitment ◽  
Body Column

The interstitial cell of hydra is a multipotent stem cell, which produces nerve cells as one of its differentiated cell types. The amount of interstitial cell commitment to nerve differentiation varies in an axially dependent pattern along the body column. The distribution of nerve cell density has the same equivalent axial pattern. These facts have led to speculation that the regulation of nerve cell commitment is dictated by the nerve cell density. We examined this question by assaying interstitial cell commitment behaviour in 2 cases where the normal nerve cell density of the tissue had been perturbed: (1) in epithelial hydra in which no nerve cells were present; and (2) in hydra derived from regenerating-tip isolates in which the nerve density was increased nearly 4-fold. We found no evidence of regulation of nerve cell commitment in response to the abnormal nerve cell densities. However, the typical axial pattern of nerve commitment was still obtained in both sets of experiments, which suggests that interstitial cell commitment to nerve differentiation is dependent on some parameter of axial location that is not associated directly with the local nerve cell density.

scholarly journals Regulation of interstitial cell differentiation in Hydra attenuata. III. Effects of I-cell and nerve cell densities

1978 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
M.S. Yaross ◽  
H.R. Bode
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cell ◽  
Cell Population ◽  
Interstitial Cell ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Axial Position ◽  
Hydroxyurea Treatment ◽  
Cell Commitment ◽  
I Cells

The interstitial cell (i-cell) of hydra, a multipotent stem cell, produces two classes of differentiated cell types, nerve cells and nematocytes, throughout asexual growth. Using a new assay, the regulation of i-cell commitment to either nerve cell or nematocyte differentiation was investigated. This assay was used to determine the fractions of i-cells differentiating into nerve cells and nematocyte precursors in a variety of in vivo cellular milieus produced by hydroxyurea treatment, differential feeding, and reaggregation of dissociated cells. Nematocyte commitment was found to be positively correlated with the size of the i-cell population and independent of the axial position of the i-cells along the body column. This indicates that i-cell commitment to nematocyte differentiation may be regulated by feedback from the i-cell population. Nerve cell commitment was found to be correlated with regions of high nerve cell density. This suggests that nerve cell commitment is regulated by feedback from the nerve cell population or is dependent on axial position. Implications of such mechanisms for the regulation of i-cell population size and distribution are discussed.

scholarly journals Inhibition of human lymphocyte proliferation by monoclonal antibody to transferrin receptor

Blood ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 821-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Mendelsohn ◽  
I Trowbridge ◽  
J Castagnola
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Lymphocyte Proliferation ◽  
Human Lymphocytes ◽  
Nitrilotriacetic Acid ◽  
S Phase ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Mitogenic Response ◽  
Cell Cycle Inhibition ◽  
Partial Reversal

A monoclonal antibody, 42/6, which blocks the binding of transferrin to its receptor on the cell membrane, inhibits proliferation of human lymphocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutinin. Anti-receptor antibody B3/25, which does not block transferrin binding, does not alter the mitogenic response. Addition of soluble iron, in the form of ferric nitrilotriacetic acid, results in partial reversal of inhibition. Lymphocytes in the quiescent phase of the cell cycle at the time of 42/6 antibody addition are unable to traverse S phase, whereas cells actively proliferating when antibody is added are sensitive to its inhibitory effects throughout all phases of the cell cycle. Inhibition is static rather than cidal, since it can be reversed by removal of antibody after up to 48 hr of exposure.

scholarly journals Regulation of interstitial cell differentiation in Hydra attenuata. IV. Nerve cell commitment in head regeneration is position-dependent

1978 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-38
Author(s):  
M.S. Yaross ◽  
H.R. Bode
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Nerve Cell ◽  
Interstitial Cell ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Multipotent Stem Cell ◽  
Hydra Attenuata ◽  
Cell Commitment ◽  
Head Regeneration

In hydra, nerve cells are a differentiation product of the interstitial cell, a multipotent stem cell. Nerve cell commitment was examined during head regeneration in Hydra attenuata. Within 3 h of head removal there is a 10- to 20-fold increase in nerve cell commitment in the tissue which subsequently forms the new head. Nerve cell commitment is unaltered in the remainder of the gastric region. This local increase in nerve cell commitment is responsible for about one half the new nerve cells formed during head regeneration, while one half differentiate from interstitial cells that migrate into the regenerating tip.

Pattern of differentiated nerve cells in hydra is determined by precursor migration

Development ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 569-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Hager ◽  
C.N. David
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Nerve Cell ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Body Column ◽  
Nerve Cell Differentiation

The nervous system of the fresh water polyp hydra is built up as a nerve net spread over the whole body, with higher densities in the head and the foot. In adult hydra, as a result of continuous growth, new nerve cell differentiation takes place continuously. The pattern of nerve cell differentiation and the role of nerve cell precursor migration in establishing the pattern have been observed in vivo by vitally labelling precursor cells with DiI. The results indicate that nerve cell precursors arise directly from stem cells, complete a final cell cycle and divide, giving rise to two daughter cells, which differentiate into nerve cells. A subpopulation of the nerve cell precursors are migratory for a brief interval at the onset of the terminal cell cycle, then complete the cell cycle and divide at the site of differentiation. Labelling small patches of tissue in the head, body column and peduncle/foot with DiI indicated that formation of nerve cell precursors was nearly constant at all three positions. However, at least half of the labelled precursors in the body column migrated to the head or foot before differentiating; by contrast, precursors in head and foot differentiated in situ without significant migration. This redistribution leads to a net increase of nerve cell precursors in head and foot compared to body column and thus to the higher density of nerve cells in these regions.

scholarly journals Cell Cycle Kinetics and Development of Hydra Attenuata

1974 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. N. DAVID ◽  
A. GIERER
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Interstitial Cell ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Interstitial Cells ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Stem Cell Divisions ◽  
Basal Disk ◽  
Hydra Attenuata

The differentiation of nerve cells and nematocytes in Hydra attenuata has been investigated by labelling interstitial cell precursors with [3H]thymidine and following by autoradiography the appearance of labelled, newly differentiated cells. Nematocyte differentiation occurs only in the gastric region where labelled nematoblasts appear 12 h and labelled nematocytes 72-96 h after addition of [3H]thymidine. Labelled nerves appear in hypostome, gastric region, and basal disk about 18 h after addition of [3H]thymidine. The lag in the appearance of labelled cells includes cell division of the precursor as well as differentiation since nerves and nematocytes have 2n postmitotic nuclear DNA content. A cell flow model is proposed for interstitial cells and their differentiated products. Stem cells occur as single interstitial cells or in pairs. Per cell generation about 60 % of the daughter cells of stem cell divisions remain stem cells and about 40 % differentiate nerves and nematocytes. Nerves differentiate directly from stem cells in about 1 day. Nematocyte differentiation requires 5-7 days including proliferation of a cluster of 4, 8, 16 or 32 interstitial cells and differentiation of a nematocyst capsule in each cell. The numbers of interstitial cells and nematoblasts predicted by the cell flow model from the rates of nerve differentiation (900 nerves/day/ hydra), nematocyte differentiation (1760 nematocyte nests/day/hydra) and stem cell proliferation (stem cell cycle = 24 h), agree with the numbers of these cells observed in hydra. The number of stem cells per hydra is 3000-6000 depending on assumptions about the time of determination. The ratio of nematocyte to nerve differentiation averaged over the whole hydra is 3:1. In the hypostome and basal disk interstitial cell differentiation occurs exclusively to nerve cells while in the gastric region the ratio of nematocyte to nerve differentiation is about 7:1.

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