Development of cranial parasympathetic ganglia requires sequential actions of GDNF and neurturin

Development ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 127 (22) ◽  
pp. 4877-4889
Author(s):  
H. Enomoto ◽  
R.O. Heuckeroth ◽  
J.P. Golden ◽  
E.M. Johnson ◽  
J. Milbrandt
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Neurotrophic Factors ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Parasympathetic Ganglia ◽  
Neuronal Precursors ◽  
Parasympathetic Ganglion ◽  
And Function ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Predominant Expression

The neurotrophic factors that influence the development and function of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system are obscure. Recently, neurturin has been found to provide trophic support to neurons of the cranial parasympathetic ganglion. Here we show that GDNF signaling via the RET/GFR(alpha)1 complex is crucial for the development of cranial parasympathetic ganglia including the submandibular, sphenopalatine and otic ganglia. GDNF is required early for proliferation and/or migration of the neuronal precursors for the sphenopalatine and otic ganglia. Neurturin exerts its effect later and is required for further development and maintenance of these neurons. This switch in ligand dependency during development is at least partly governed by the altered expression of GFR(α) receptors, as evidenced by the predominant expression of GFR(α)2 in these neurons after ganglion formation.

BACK TO BASICS

1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 489-492
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Rubenstein
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Smooth Muscles ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Autonomic Nerve ◽  
Therapeutic Goals ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
And Function

The last 20 years have seen an explosion in our knowledge of the autonomic nervous system and our ability to manipulate its parasympathetic and sympathetic portions pharmacologically to achieve therapeutic goals. This article will briefly review the structure and function of the autonomic nervous system, with particular focus on the sympathetic branch. Included in the review is a discussion of the major receptors of the sympathetic system, concentrating on their intracellular mechanism of action, their effects on major target organ systems, and some commonly used pharmacologic agents that influence these organ systems through their actions on sympathetic receptors. Structure and Function of the System The autonomic (or involuntary) nervous system innervates the heart, visceral organs, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands. It can be divided functionally into the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems, which have opposing functions. All autonomic nerve pathways consist of two nerves in sequence. Presynaptic nerves begin in the central nervous system and transmit impulses to the postsynaptic nerves. Postsynaptic nerves then carry impulses to the effector organ. Actions of the parasympathetic nervous system include bradycardia, vasodilation in skeletal muscle and skin, contraction of bronchial smooth muscle, increased gastrointestinal motility, pupillary miosis, and contraction of the bladder detrusor coupled with relaxation of the bladder trigone (necessary for spontaneous voiding).

Aging, disease and the autonomic nervous system

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J Collins
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Autonomic Nerve ◽  
Autonomic Nerves ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Nerve Structure ◽  
Degree Of Certainty ◽  
Development And Aging ◽  
And Function

Autonomic disorders in old age can be attributed to several main features associated with aging: the intrinsic neurobiological changes that occur with age, degenerative changes in effector organs innervated by autonomic nerves, and secondary involvement of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in disease processes. As in most areas of clinical geriatrics, the distinction between disorders ascribed to ‘normal’ aging and those attributable to diseases of old age is difficult to make with any degree of certainty. Neurobiological changes with age have become the subject of intense investigation in recent years, with improvements in techniques for assessing autonomic nerve structure and function. This has included a better understanding of neurotransmitter and receptor transformations during development and aging. The versatility of the ANS, or ‘plasticity’, involves interactions with target organs, e.g. via nerve growth factor (NGF) and with other neurons, and it is as vital to the mature and aging autonomic neuron as it is during development. Some neurotrophic features of aging in the ANS and in disease processes in old age are considered in this paper.

scholarly journals Estudo da Função Autonômica em Gestantes

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 260
Author(s):  
Wagner Santos Araújo ◽  
Jefferson Petto ◽  
Alan Carlos Nery Dos Santos ◽  
Francisco Tiago Oliveira De Oliveira ◽  
Cauê Santos Da Mata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Times ◽  
And Function

Introduction: Pregnancy is characterized by physiological changes related to the formation of an ideal environment for the fetus. This period is not unusual occur deviations from normality, as well as imbalance between the various body systems, especially the autonomic nervous system, which can result in pathological conditions. Objective: To evaluate the cardiovascular autonomic function and in accordance with gestational age pregnant women in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd quarter, by studying the Heart Rate Variability (HRV). Method: Were evaluated 20 pregnant women enrolled in a Basic Health Unit. The protocol was divided into two phases with 10 minutes duration in the left lateral decubitus (LLD) and 10 minutes in the sitting position (SEDT). Evaluated: heart rate (HR), Parasympathetic Function (HF) and Function Friendly and influence Parasympathetic (LF), Balance sympathetic / parasympathetic (LF / HF), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) and Respiratory Rate (FR). The DLE phases, SEDT and the transition between them were compared in each trimester. The transitional period and both times were also compared separately according to gestational age. The moments 0min (A), 10min (B) and 20 min (C); were also faced, and finally comparing the quarters 1 (D) 2 (E) and 3 (F). Statistical analysis was applied to Friedman's analysis of variance. Results: Compared to the steps (0min- x10min- DLE DLE / SEDT x20min- SEDT) in the 1st quarter, there was no significance for HR, SBP, DBP and FR. In the 2nd quarter, when analyzed times (0min- x10min- DLE DLE / SEDT x20min- SEDT) with each other, not reach significance the variables HR, SBP, DBP, RF and LF / HF ratio. By analyzing the times (0min- x10min- DLE DLE / SEDT x20min- SEDT) of the 3rd quarter, it was for HR, SBP, DBP, RF and LF / HF values without significance. Conclusion: This study indicates the existence of significant changes in the autonomic nervous system and cardiorespiratory.

Expression and interactions of the two closely related homeobox genes Phox2a and Phox2b during neurogenesis

Development ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 124 (20) ◽  
pp. 4065-4075 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Pattyn ◽  
X. Morin ◽  
H. Cremer ◽  
C. Goridis ◽  
J.F. Brunet
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Homeobox Gene ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Parasympathetic Ganglia ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Motor Nuclei ◽  
Knock Out Mice

Recent evidence suggests that specific families of homeodomain transcription factors control the generation and survival of distinct neuronal types. We had previously characterized the homeobox gene Phox2a, which is expressed in differentiating neurons of the central and peripheral autonomic nervous system as well as in motor nuclei of the hindbrain. Targeted deletion of the Phox2a gene affects part of the structures in which it is expressed: the locus coeruleus, visceral sensory and parasympathetic ganglia and, as we show here, the nuclei of the IIIrd and IVth cranial nerves. We now report on the characterization of Phox2b, a close relative of Phox2a, with an identical homeodomain. Phox2a and Phox2b are co-expressed at most sites, therefore suggesting a broader role for Phox2 genes in the specification of the autonomic nervous system and cranial motor nuclei than revealed by the Phox2a knock-out mice. A detailed analysis of the relative timing of Phox2a and Phox2b expression at various sites suggests positive cross-regulations, which are substantiated by the loss of Phox2b expression in cranial ganglia of Phox2a-deficient mice. In the major part of the rhombencephalon, Phox2b expression precedes that of Phox2a and starts in the proliferative neuroepithelium, in a pattern strikingly restricted on the dorsoventral axis and at rhombomeric borders. This suggests that Phox2b links early patterning events to the differentiation of defined neuronal populations in the hindbrain.

The microbiota and the gut-brain axis: insights from the temporal and spatial mucosal alterations during colonisation of the germfree mouse intestine

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. El Aidy ◽  
W. Kunze ◽  
J. Bienenstock ◽  
M. Kleerebezem
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuronal Development ◽  
Neuronal Response ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Germfree Mouse ◽  
Plasma Tryptophan ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Mouse Intestine ◽  
And Function

The influence of the gut microbiota on the nervous system, brain development and behaviour, in particular during microbial colonisation of the host, has recently been receiving profound interest. Our time-resolved mining of combined data analyses of the ex-germfree mouse intestine during a 30-day course of colonisation with conventional mouse faecal microbiota (conventionalisation), shed light on temporal altered expression of genes of which the products influenced functions of the nervous system. Plasma tryptophan and kynurenine levels reflected high indoleamine dioxygenase activity, which was supported by significant temporal induction of the encoding gene in all gut tissues. However, the majority of genes associated with neuronal development and function were reduced. Colonic substance P elevation in response to conventionalisation was higher only after 30-days. These results support a functional microbiota-neurohumoral relationship during conventionalisation and suggest a delayed neuronal response that is elicited only after the microbiota accommodating homeostasis has been accomplished.

scholarly journals Signaling and function of cardiac autonomic nervous system receptors: Insights from the GPCR signalling universe

FEBS Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (8) ◽  
pp. 2645-2659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasios Lymperopoulos ◽  
Natalie Cora ◽  
Jennifer Maning ◽  
Ava R. Brill ◽  
Anastasiya Sizova
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
And Function

Neurobiology of Social Phobia

CNS Spectrums ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 42-48
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Bebchuk ◽  
Manuel E. Tancer
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Phobia ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Specific Task ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Function

AbstractSocial phobia is an anxiety disorder that is characterized by excessive fear and/or avoidance of situations in which an individual believes that he or she may be the subject of evaluation or scrutiny while interacting with other people or performing a specific task. This article reviews the available literature on the neurobiology underlying social phobia, including autonomic nervous system effects, neuroimaging findings, pharmacologic challenge studies, and neuroendocrine responsivity and function. Overall, such studies have found few consistently demonstrable differences in neurobiology between patients with social phobia and healthy controls, but further investigations are needed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document