scholarly journals The zebrafish space cadet gene controls axonal pathfinding of neurons that modulate fast turning movements

Development ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 128 (11) ◽  
pp. 2131-2142
Author(s):  
Kristin Lorent ◽  
Katherine S. Liu ◽  
Joseph R. Fetcho ◽  
Michael Granato
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Axonal Pathfinding ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Small Set ◽  
On Line ◽  
Axonal Defects

All vertebrates depend on neural circuits to produce propulsive movements; however, the contribution of individual neural cell types to control such movements are not well understood. We report that zebrafish space cadet mutant larvae fail to initiate fast turning movements properly, and we show that this motor phenotype correlates with axonal defects in a small population of commissural hindbrain neurons, which we identify as spiral fiber neurons. Moreover, we demonstrate that severing spiral fiber axons produces space cadet-like locomotor defects, thereby providing compelling evidence that the space cadet gene plays an essential role in integrating these neurons into the circuitry that modulates fast turning movements. Finally, we show that axonal defects are restricted to a small set of commissural trajectories, including retinal ganglion cell axons and spiral fiber axons, and that the space cadet gene functions in axonal pathfinding. Together, our results provide a rare example in vertebrates of an individual neuronal cell type that contributes to the expression of a defined motor behavior. Movies available on-line

scholarly journals Optogenetic Technology and Its In Vivo Applications

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Simon Gelman
Keyword(s):  
Cell Biology ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Whole Cells ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Novel Technology

Optogenetics is a novel technology with the widely acknowledged potential to revolutionize cell biology and neuroscience. Essentially, optogenetic methods integrate optical and genetic tools to control the activity of whole cells or subcellular events. In recent years, optogenetics has been used to activate and to inhibit genetically defined neuronal populations within neural circuits. As such, it has been used to show the sufficiency or the necessity of specific neuronal cell types in generating behaviors across a number of animal species. When employed in rodent models of human neurological and psychiatric disorders, optogenetics has provided clinically relevant insights into the function of pathologic neural circuits. Recent progress in the in vivo applications of this methodology is reviewed in this article, with particular focus on behavioral applications in nematodes, fish, rodents, and nonhuman primates.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Drosophila adult hematopoietic system reveals a rare cell population with differentiation and proliferation potential.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manon Boulet ◽  
Yoan Renaud ◽  
Francois Lapraz ◽  
Billel Benmimoun ◽  
Laurence Vandel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Differentiation Markers ◽  
Hematopoietic System ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Differentiation And Proliferation ◽  
Specialized Population

While many studies have described Drosophila embryonic and larval blood cells, the hematopoietic system of the imago remains poorly characterized and conflicting data have been published concerning adult hematopoiesis. Using a combination of blood cell markers, we show that the adult hematopoietic system is essentially composed of a few distinct mature blood cell types. In addition, our transcriptomics results indicate that adult and larval blood cells have both common and specific features and it appears that adult hemocytes reactivate many gene expressed in embryonic blood cells. Interestingly, we identify a small set of blood cells that do not express differentiation markers but maintain the progenitor marker domeMeso. Yet, we show that these cells are derived from the posterior signaling center, a specialized population of cells present in the larval lymph gland, rather than from larval blood cell progenitors, and that their maintenance depends on the EBF transcription factor Collier. Furthermore, while these cells are normally quiescent, we find that some of them can differentiate and proliferate in response to bacterial infection. In sum, our results indicate that adult flies harbor a small population of specialized cells with limited hematopoietic potential and further support the idea that no substantial hematopoiesis takes place during adulthood.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Drosophila Adult Hematopoietic System Reveals a Rare Cell Population With Differentiation and Proliferation Potential

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manon Boulet ◽  
Yoan Renaud ◽  
François Lapraz ◽  
Billel Benmimoun ◽  
Laurence Vandel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Differentiation Markers ◽  
Hematopoietic System ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Differentiation And Proliferation ◽  
Specialized Population

While many studies have described Drosophila embryonic and larval blood cells, the hematopoietic system of the imago remains poorly characterized and conflicting data have been published concerning adult hematopoiesis. Using a combination of blood cell markers, we show that the adult hematopoietic system is essentially composed of a few distinct mature blood cell types. In addition, our transcriptomics results indicate that adult and larval blood cells have both common and specific features and it appears that adult hemocytes reactivate many genes expressed in embryonic blood cells. Interestingly, we identify a small set of blood cells that does not express differentiation markers but rather maintains the expression of the progenitor marker domeMeso. Yet, we show that these cells are derived from the posterior signaling center, a specialized population of cells present in the larval lymph gland, rather than from larval blood cell progenitors, and that their maintenance depends on the EBF transcription factor Collier. Furthermore, while these cells are normally quiescent, we find that some of them can differentiate and proliferate in response to bacterial infection. In sum, our results indicate that adult flies harbor a small population of specialized cells with limited hematopoietic potential and further support the idea that no substantial hematopoiesis takes place during adulthood.

scholarly journals Transgenic Silencing of Neurons in the Mammalian Brain by Expression of the Allatostatin Receptor (AlstR)

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 2554-2562 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Wehr ◽  
U. Hostick ◽  
M. Kyweriga ◽  
A. Tan ◽  
A. P. Weible ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Hippocampal Slices ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Membrane Hyperpolarization

The mammalian brain is an enormously complex set of circuits composed of interconnected neuronal cell types. The analysis of central neural circuits will be greatly served by the ability to turn off specific neuronal cell types while recording from others in intact brains. Because drug delivery cannot be restricted to specific cell types, this can only be achieved by putting “silencer” transgenes under the control of neuron-specific promoters. Towards this end we have created a line of transgenic mice putting the Drosophila allatostatin (AL) neuropeptide receptor (AlstR) under the control of the tetO element, thus enabling its inducible expression when crossed to tet-transactivator lines. Mammals have no endogenous AL or AlstR, but activation of exogenously expressed AlstR in mammalian neurons leads to membrane hyperpolarization via endogenous G-protein-coupled inward rectifier K+ channels, making the neurons much less likely to fire action potentials. Here we show that this tetO/AlstR line is capable of broadly expressing AlstR mRNA in principal neurons throughout the forebrain when crossed to a commercially-available transactivator line. We electrophysiologically characterize this cross in hippocampal slices, demonstrating that bath application of AL leads to hyperpolarization of CA1 pyramidal neurons, making them refractory to the induction of action potentials by injected current. Finally, we demonstrate the ability of AL application to silence the sound-evoked spiking responses of auditory cortical neurons in intact brains of AlstR/tetO transgenic mice. When crossed to other transactivator lines expressing in defined neuronal cell types, this AlstR/tetO line should prove a very useful tool for the analysis of intact central neural circuits.

Author response for "Neuroarchitecture of the central complex in the brain of the honeybee: neuronal cell types"

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronja Hensgen ◽  
Laura England ◽  
Uwe Homberg ◽  
Keram Pfeiffer
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Central Complex ◽  
Author Response ◽  
The Brain

Author response for "Identification of Retinal Ganglion Cell Types and Brain Nuclei expressing the transcription factor Brn3c/Pou4f3 using a Cre recombinase knock‐in allele"

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Parmhans ◽  
Anne Drury Fuller ◽  
Eileen Nguyen ◽  
Katherine Chuang ◽  
David Swygart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cre Recombinase ◽  
Author Response ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Brain Nuclei

Identification of retinal ganglion cell types expressing the transcription factor Satb2 in three primate species

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subha Nasir‐Ahmad ◽  
Sammy C. S. Lee ◽  
Paul R. Martin ◽  
Ulrike Grünert
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Retinal Ganglion

scholarly journals The landscape of alternative polyadenylation in single cells of the developing mouse embryo

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikram Agarwal ◽  
Sereno Lopez-Darwin ◽  
David R. Kelley ◽  
Jay Shendure
Keyword(s):  
Rna Binding ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Alternative Polyadenylation ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Untranslated Regions ◽  
Mammalian Development ◽  
Translation Rate ◽  
Dynamic Landscape

Abstract3′ untranslated regions (3′ UTRs) post-transcriptionally regulate mRNA stability, localization, and translation rate. While 3′-UTR isoforms have been globally quantified in limited cell types using bulk measurements, their differential usage among cell types during mammalian development remains poorly characterized. In this study, we examine a dataset comprising ~2 million nuclei spanning E9.5–E13.5 of mouse embryonic development to quantify transcriptome-wide changes in alternative polyadenylation (APA). We observe a global lengthening of 3′ UTRs across embryonic stages in all cell types, although we detect shorter 3′ UTRs in hematopoietic lineages and longer 3′ UTRs in neuronal cell types within each stage. An analysis of RNA-binding protein (RBP) dynamics identifies ELAV-like family members, which are concomitantly induced in neuronal lineages and developmental stages experiencing 3′-UTR lengthening, as putative regulators of APA. By measuring 3′-UTR isoforms in an expansive single cell dataset, our work provides a transcriptome-wide and organism-wide map of the dynamic landscape of alternative polyadenylation during mammalian organogenesis.

scholarly journals Spatial receptive field properties of rat retinal ganglion cells

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 403-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
WALTER F. HEINE ◽  
CHRISTOPHER L. PASSAGLIA
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
X And Y Cells ◽  
Y Cells

AbstractThe rat is a popular animal model for vision research, yet there is little quantitative information about the physiological properties of the cells that provide its brain with visual input, the retinal ganglion cells. It is not clear whether rats even possess the full complement of ganglion cell types found in other mammals. Since such information is important for evaluating rodent models of visual disease and elucidating the function of homologous and heterologous cells in different animals, we recorded from rat ganglion cells in vivo and systematically measured their spatial receptive field (RF) properties using spot, annulus, and grating patterns. Most of the recorded cells bore likeness to cat X and Y cells, exhibiting brisk responses, center-surround RFs, and linear or nonlinear spatial summation. The others resembled various types of mammalian W cell, including local-edge-detector cells, suppressed-by-contrast cells, and an unusual type with an ON–OFF surround. They generally exhibited sluggish responses, larger RFs, and lower responsiveness. The peak responsivity of brisk-nonlinear (Y-type) cells was around twice that of brisk-linear (X-type) cells and several fold that of sluggish cells. The RF size of brisk-linear and brisk-nonlinear cells was indistinguishable, with average center and surround diameters of 5.6 ± 1.3 and 26.4 ± 11.3 deg, respectively. In contrast, the center diameter of recorded sluggish cells averaged 12.8 ± 7.9 deg. The homogeneous RF size of rat brisk cells is unlike that of cat X and Y cells, and its implication regarding the putative roles of these two ganglion cell types in visual signaling is discussed.

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