Short Commentary on Approved Medications for COVID -19 Management?

Every clinician who prescribes antiviral drug during COVID-19 should be very careful and needs to assess following factors such as hepatic and renal function status, specialized population such as Geriatric, Pediatric etc, co morbidities of patient, allergic history of drug, COVID-19 severity status, clinical evidence in management of COVID-19 and duration of drug therapy in COVID-19.

Characterization of the Drosophila Adult Hematopoietic System Reveals a Rare Cell Population With Differentiation and Proliferation Potential

While many studies have described Drosophila embryonic and larval blood cells, the hematopoietic system of the imago remains poorly characterized and conflicting data have been published concerning adult hematopoiesis. Using a combination of blood cell markers, we show that the adult hematopoietic system is essentially composed of a few distinct mature blood cell types. In addition, our transcriptomics results indicate that adult and larval blood cells have both common and specific features and it appears that adult hemocytes reactivate many genes expressed in embryonic blood cells. Interestingly, we identify a small set of blood cells that does not express differentiation markers but rather maintains the expression of the progenitor marker domeMeso. Yet, we show that these cells are derived from the posterior signaling center, a specialized population of cells present in the larval lymph gland, rather than from larval blood cell progenitors, and that their maintenance depends on the EBF transcription factor Collier. Furthermore, while these cells are normally quiescent, we find that some of them can differentiate and proliferate in response to bacterial infection. In sum, our results indicate that adult flies harbor a small population of specialized cells with limited hematopoietic potential and further support the idea that no substantial hematopoiesis takes place during adulthood.

Unique Microglial Transcriptomic Signature within the Hippocampal Neurogenic Niche

Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, are crucial in the development of the nervous system. Recent evidence demonstrates that microglia modulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis by inhibiting cell proliferation of neural precursors and survival both in vitro and in vivo, thus maintaining a balance between cell division and cell death in the neural stem cell pool. There are increasing reports suggesting these microglia found in neurogenic niches differ from their counterparts in non-neurogenic areas. Here, we present evidence that microglia in the hippocampal neurogenic niche are a specialized population that express genes known to regulate neurogenesis. By comprehensively profiling myeloid lineage cells in the hippocampus using single cell RNA-sequencing, we resolve transcriptomic differences in microglia originating from the subgranular zone. These cells have lower expression of genes associated with homeostatic microglia and increased expression of genes associated with phagocytosis. Intriguingly, this small yet distinct population expresses a gene signature with substantial overlap with previously characterized phenotypes, including disease associated microglia (DAM), a particularly unique and compelling microglial state.

Characterization of the Drosophila adult hematopoietic system reveals a rare cell population with differentiation and proliferation potential.

While many studies have described Drosophila embryonic and larval blood cells, the hematopoietic system of the imago remains poorly characterized and conflicting data have been published concerning adult hematopoiesis. Using a combination of blood cell markers, we show that the adult hematopoietic system is essentially composed of a few distinct mature blood cell types. In addition, our transcriptomics results indicate that adult and larval blood cells have both common and specific features and it appears that adult hemocytes reactivate many gene expressed in embryonic blood cells. Interestingly, we identify a small set of blood cells that do not express differentiation markers but maintain the progenitor marker domeMeso. Yet, we show that these cells are derived from the posterior signaling center, a specialized population of cells present in the larval lymph gland, rather than from larval blood cell progenitors, and that their maintenance depends on the EBF transcription factor Collier. Furthermore, while these cells are normally quiescent, we find that some of them can differentiate and proliferate in response to bacterial infection. In sum, our results indicate that adult flies harbor a small population of specialized cells with limited hematopoietic potential and further support the idea that no substantial hematopoiesis takes place during adulthood.

IRAP Endosomes Control Phagosomal Maturation in Dendritic Cells

Dendritic cells (DCs) contribute to the immune surveillance by sampling their environment through phagocytosis and endocytosis. We have previously reported that, rapidly following uptake of extracellular antigen into phagosomes or endosomes in DCs, a specialized population of storage endosomes marked by Rab14 and insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is recruited to the nascent antigen-containing compartment, thereby regulating its maturation and ultimately antigen cross-presentation to CD8+ T lymphocytes. Here, using IRAP–/– DCs, we explored how IRAP modulates phagosome maturation dynamics and cross-presentation. We find that in the absence of IRAP, phagosomes acquire more rapidly late endosomal markers, are more degradative, and show increased microbicidal activity. We also report evidence for a role of vesicle trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–Golgi intermediate compartment to endosomes for the formation or stability of the IRAP compartment. Moreover, we dissect the dual role of IRAP as a trimming peptidase and a critical constituent of endosome stability. Experiments using a protease-dead IRAP mutant and pharmacological IRAP inhibition suggest that IRAP expression but not proteolytic activity is required for the formation of storage endosomes and for DC-typical phagosome maturation, whereas proteolysis is required for fully efficient cross-presentation. These findings identify IRAP as a key factor in cross-presentation, trimming peptides to fit the major histocompatibility complex class-I binding site while preventing their destruction through premature phagosome maturation.

NURS-07. STAFF EDUCATION THROUGH NURSING AND PHARMACY COLLABORATION

Even within the focused field of pediatric oncology, there are healthcare providers who lack education regarding the specialized population of children with brain tumors. In order to improve staff knowledge of pediatric neuro-oncology, nursing and pharmacy developed a collaborative Lunch and Learn program to provide additional education. An eight week brain tumor curriculum was developed, and informal sessions grouped by diagnosis were held over lunch between the neuro-oncology nursing team (nurse practitioners and nurse coordinator) and a clinical pharmacy resident. A nurse practitioner provided academic literature and the pharmacy resident did further research and developed an outline for discussion. During these sessions, nursing was able to contribute academic knowledge and clinical experience, while pharmacy presented an overview of each tumor and provided education about medications. After each session, the pharmacy resident presented the information from the Lunch and Learn to all staff oncology pharmacists, which then increased their working knowledge of neuro-oncology as a whole, helping them feel better able to manage this population within their scope of practice. Because this innovative collaboration was so successful in heightening knowledge and awareness of the care and management of pediatric neuro-oncology patients for all those involved, the team now has future plans to utilize a similar model to provide neuro-oncology education to clinic and inpatient RNs.

Yolk-sac-derived macrophages progressively expand in the mouse kidney with age

Renal macrophages represent a highly heterogeneous and specialized population of myeloid cells with mixed developmental origins from the yolk-sac and hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). They promote both injury and repair by regulating inflammation, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling. Recent reports highlight differential roles for ontogenically distinct renal macrophage populations in disease. However, little is known about how these populations change over time in normal, uninjured kidneys. Prior reports demonstrated a high proportion of HSC-derived macrophages in the young adult kidney. Unexpectedly, using genetic fate-mapping and parabiosis studies, we found that yolk-sac-derived macrophages progressively expand in number with age and become a major contributor to the renal macrophage population in older mice. This chronological shift in macrophage composition involves local cellular proliferation and recruitment from circulating progenitors and may contribute to the distinct immune responses, limited reparative capacity, and increased disease susceptibility of kidneys in the elderly population.

Bioremediation of groundwater contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons applied at a site in Belgrade (Serbia)

Due to their extensive use, petroleum hydrocarbons are among the most common groundwater contaminants. Compared to the traditional methods of physical pumping of contamination from the aquifer and subsequent treatment (i.e., pump and treat), bioremediation is an economically cost-effective technology. The aim of this remediation approach is to transform biologically contaminants, most often by microbiological activity, into non-toxic compounds. More precisely, it is an active remediation process that involves biostimulation (increase of aquifer oxygenation, addition of nutrients) and/or bioaugmentation (injection of a concentrated and specialized population of microorganisms). Using both biostimulation and bioaugmentation, enhanced in situ groundwater bioremediation was applied at a hydrocarbon-contaminated site in Belgrade. The bioremediation treatment, applied over twelve months, was highly efficient in reducing the concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) to acceptable levels. The concentration of TPH in the piezometer P-5 was reduced by 98.55 %, in the piezometer P-6 by 98.30 % and in the piezometer P-7 by 98.09 %. These results provided strong evidence on the potential of this remediation approach to overcome site-limiting factors and enhance microbiological activity in order to reduce groundwater contamination.