scholarly journals Phyllotaxis as geometric canalization during plant development

Development ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (19) ◽  
pp. dev165878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Godin ◽  
Christophe Golé ◽  
Stéphane Douady
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Developmental Constraints ◽  
Local Interactions ◽  
Final Shape ◽  
Lateral Organs ◽  
Universal Constraint ◽  
Symmetric Patterns

ABSTRACTWhy living forms develop in a relatively robust manner, despite various sources of internal or external variability, is a fundamental question in developmental biology. Part of the answer relies on the notion of developmental constraints: at any stage of ontogenesis, morphogenetic processes are constrained to operate within the context of the current organism being built. One such universal constraint is the shape of the organism itself, which progressively channels the development of the organism toward its final shape. Here, we illustrate this notion with plants, where strikingly symmetric patterns (phyllotaxis) are formed by lateral organs. This Hypothesis article aims first to provide an accessible overview of phyllotaxis, and second to argue that the spiral patterns in plants are progressively canalized from local interactions of nascent organs. The relative uniformity of the organogenesis process across all plants then explains the prevalence of certain patterns in plants, i.e. Fibonacci phyllotaxis.

scholarly journals Los constreñimientos del desarrollo y su papel causal en la evolución

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximiliano Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Hox Genes ◽  
Causal Factor ◽  
Developmental Constraint ◽  
Developmental Constraints ◽  
The Way

RESUMENEn este artículo defiendo la necesidad de reformular los conceptos de constreñimiento del desarrollo y variación a la luz de trabajos empíricos y teóricos recientes. Argumento que la noción de variación refiere a esquemas establecidos en otras épocas y que deben ser reconsiderados siguiendo los aportes de la biología del desarrollo. La variación no sería irrestricta sino restringida y condicionada. Esta reforma del concepto de variación coincide con una reforma del concepto de constreñimiento: los constreñimientos son un factor causal positivo en la evolución, en contraposición a como son usualmente entendidos en la biología.PALABRAS CLAVECONSTREÑIMIENTOS, VARIACIÓN, GENES HOX, MORFOGÉNESIS, EVODEVOABSTRACTIn this paper I propose a revision of the concepts of developmental constraints and variation, in the light of recent empirical and theoretical works. I argue that the concept of variation evokes schemes established in other times that need to be reconsidered due to the contributions of developmental biology; variation is not unrestricted but biased. This conceptual reform of variation goes hand in hand with a reformulation of the concept of developmental constraint: constraints are a positive causal factor in evolution, in contrast with the way they are usually understood in biology.KEYWORDSCONSTRAINTS, VARIATION, HOX GENES, MORPHOGENETICS, EVODEVO

scholarly journals Adapting principles of developmental biology and agent-based modelling for automated urban residential layout design

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 973-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuchao Sun ◽  
John Taplin
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Layout Design ◽  
Residential Density ◽  
Local Interactions ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Gene Set ◽  
Agent Based Modelling ◽  
Full Development ◽  
Local Contexts ◽  
Cell Expression

The objective is to automate the design of residential layouts as an aid for planners dealing with complex situations. The algorithm COmputational Urban Layout Design, applied to sites with various shapes, is guided by the goal of many mutually accessible residences and can be set to generate orthogonal or irregular road layouts. Using biological principles of genomic equivalence, conditional differentiation and induction, it grows from an embryonic ‘adaptive cell’ into a plan. Cells are ‘genetically identical’ with full development potential and can simultaneously lay roads and residential lots, using the gene set to change cell expression and adapt to local contexts. Cells can be seen as self-propagating agents that sort out their dependencies through local interactions. When COmputational Urban Layout Design is set to grow a non-orthogonal layout, the plan has winding roads and irregular residential lots. Such a plan achieves the objective of relatively high residential density and accessibility, leading to walkable and coherent communities.

scholarly journals On the Role of Autonomous Control in Organ Development

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashok Ramasubramanian
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Autonomous Control ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Organ Development ◽  
Mature Animal ◽  
Final Shape ◽  
Complex Shapes ◽  
Mechanical Feedback

Developmental biology (“development” for short) deals with how the mature animal or plant results from a single fertilized cell. This paper is concerned with one aspect of development, morphogenesis—the formation of complex shapes from simpler ones. In particular, this paper focuses on organ development and illustrates the central role that mechanical feedback plays in effecting the final shape of various organs. The first aim of this paper is to illustrate how self-governing autonomous control systems can lead to the development of organs such as the heart. Although feedback plays a key role in these processes, the field is largely unexplored by controls engineers; hence, the second aim of this paper is to introduce mechanical feedback during development to controls engineers and suggest avenues for future research.

scholarly journals Wnt signaling determines body axis polarity in regenerating Hydra tissue

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Wang ◽  
Robert E. Steele ◽  
Eva-Maria S. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Wnt Signaling ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Body Axis ◽  
Axis Formation ◽  
Epithelial Layer ◽  
Axis Specification ◽  
Anterior Posterior

AbstractHow an animal establishes its body axis is a fundamental question in developmental biology. The freshwater cnidarian Hydra is an attractive model for studying axis formation because it is radially symmetric, with a single oral-aboral axis. It was recently proposed that the orientation of the new body axis in a regenerating Hydra is determined by the oral-aboral orientation of the actin-myosin contractile processes (myonemes) in the parent animal’s outer epithelial layer. However, because the myonemes are not known to possess polarity, it remained unclear how the oral-aboral polarity of the axis would be defined. As Wnt signaling is known to maintain axis polarity in Hydra and bilaterians, we hypothesized that it plays a role in axis specification in excised Hydra tissue pieces. We tested this hypothesis using pharmacological perturbations and novel grafting experiments to set Wnt-derived signals and myoneme orientation perpendicular to each other to determine which controls axis formation. Our results demonstrate that Wnt signaling is the dominant encoder of axis information, in line with its highly conserved role in anterior-posterior patterning.

scholarly journals The dynamics of HD-ZIP III - ZPR protein interactions play essential roles in embryogenesis, meristem function and organ development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Vitlin Gruber ◽  
Melissa Kosty ◽  
Yasaman Jami-Alahmadi ◽  
James Wohlschlegel ◽  
Jeff A Long
Keyword(s):  
Plant Development ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Stem Cell Population ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Single Mutation ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Lateral Organs ◽  
Detailed Picture

Maintaining a stem cell population while developing lateral organs is a crucial aspect of plant development. Studies have shown that a family of micro proteins, the LITTLE ZIPPERS (ZPR), are involved in this process by repressing the activity of HD-ZIP III transcription factors. However, the unique role of each ZPR has not been thoroughly characterized. In this work, we use genetics, imaging, and biochemistry to create a detailed picture of ZPR family expression and their specific interactions with HD-ZIP IIIs. CRISPR/Cas9 was implemented to isolate single loss-of-function ZPR alleles as well as higher-order mutant combinations. A single mutation in ZPR1, ZPR3, and ZPR4 affects the development of the cotyledons during embryogenesis. Additionally, double mutant analyses indicates both unique roles for each ZPR protein as well as redundancy. Using ZPR tagged lines we show that while ZPR3 and ZPR4 have a similar pattern of accumulation as the HD-ZIP IIIs, ZPR1 and ZPR2 accumulation is more limited. Immuno-precipitations (IP) with tagged ZPR proteins are mainly enriched with the anticipated HD-ZIP III partners. Although ZPRs interact with all HD-ZIP IIIs, an apparent preference of heterodimer formation with REVOLUTA is observed. Our work highlights that the dynamics of ZPR protein accumulation together with the strength of ZPR-HD-ZIP III interactions provide an added layer of complexity to the regulation of HD-ZIP IIIs during plant development.

scholarly journals The people behind the papers: Toby Andrews and Elia Benito-Gutierrez

Development ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 148 (16) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Group Leader ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Coordinated Action ◽  
University Of Cambridge ◽  
The People ◽  
The University ◽  
Postdoctoral Researcher

Abstract A fundamental question of developmental biology is how the coordinated action of various cells gives rise to distinct tissue morphologies that are reproducible across members of the same species. A new paper in Development now addresses this question by performing single-cell morphometrics to study notochord formation in amphioxus. To hear more about the story, we chatted to first author and postdoctoral researcher Toby Andrews, and his PhD supervisor Elia Benito-Gutiérrez, Group Leader in the Department of Zoology at the University of Cambridge.

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