The effects of ionic lanthanum and hypertonic physiological salines on the nervous systems of larval and adult stick insects

1975 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-286
Author(s):  
R.A. Leslie
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Diffusion Barrier ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Stick Insect ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Carausius Morosus ◽  
Nerve Sheath ◽  
Ionic Lanthanum ◽  
Stick Insects ◽  
Peripheral Nervous Systems

The effects of the electron-opaque tracer ionic lanthanum in various concentrations and of hyperosmotic physiological salines on the nervous system of the stick insect, Carausius morosus, have been studied. Examination of the experimentally treated tissues revealed that the diffusion barrier to the exogenous tracer was maintained in all cases in the adult central and peripheral nervous systems, but not in the hatchling. When hatchling nervous tissues were incubated in 50 mM ionic lanthanum in phyerosmotic physiological saline, the tracer readily infiltrated all the extracellular spaces between axons and glia of all components of the nervous system examined. No difference was noted in this regard between fed and unfed hatchlings, Further, in all cases examined of adults and hatchlings, lanthanum readily surrounded those neurosecretory axons which are found in the neutral lamella, or extracellular nerve sheath, of the insect. The possible meanings of these variations in hatchling and adult nervous systems and in the accessibility of different elements of the nervous system to exogenous ionic lanthanum are discussed.

scholarly journals Synapsin I (protein I), a nerve terminal-specific phosphoprotein. I. Its general distribution in synapses of the central and peripheral nervous system demonstrated by immunofluorescence in frozen and plastic sections.

1983 ◽  
Vol 96 (5) ◽  
pp. 1337-1354 ◽  
Author(s):  
P De Camilli ◽  
R Cameron ◽  
P Greengard
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
General Distribution ◽  
Synapsin I ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Synaptic Region ◽  
Specific Localization ◽  
Peripheral Nervous Systems

Synapsin I (formerly referred to as protein I) is the collective name for two almost identical phosphoproteins, synapsin Ia and synapsin Ib (protein Ia and protein Ib), present in the nervous system. Synapsin I has previously been shown by immunoperoxidase studies (De Camilli, P., T. Ueda, F. E. Bloom, E. Battenberg, and P. Greengard, 1979, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 76:5977-5981; Bloom, F. E., T. Ueda, E. Battenberg, and P. Greengard, 1979, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:5982-5986) to be a neuron-specific protein, present in both the central and peripheral nervous systems and concentrated in the synaptic region of nerve cells. In those preliminary studies, the occurrence of synapsin I could be demonstrated in only a portion of synapses. We have now carried out a detailed examination of the distribution of synapsin I immunoreactivity in the central and peripheral nervous systems. In this study we have attempted to maximize the level of resolution of immunohistochemical light microscopy images in order to estimate the proportion of immunoreactive synapses and to establish their precise distribution. Optimal results were obtained by the use of immunofluorescence in semithin sections (approximately 1 micron) prepared from Epon-embedded nonosmicated tissues after the Epon had been removed. Our results confirm the previous observations on the specific localization of synapsin I in nerve cells and synapses. In addition, the results strongly suggest that, with a few possible exceptions involving highly specialized neurons, all synapses contain synapsin I. Finally, immunocytochemical experiments indicate that synapsin I appearance in the various regions of the developing nervous system correlates topographically and temporally with the appearance of synapses. In two accompanying papers (De Camilli, P., S. M. Harris, Jr., W. B. Huttner, and P. Greengard, and Huttner, W. B., W. Schiebler, P. Greengard, and P. De Camilli, 1983, J. Cell Biol. 96:1355-1373 and 1374-1388, respectively), evidence is presented that synapsin I is specifically associated with synaptic vesicles in nerve endings.

Cytochemical observations on the nervous system of adult Corrigia vitta

1993 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Magee ◽  
M. Cahir ◽  
D. W. Halton ◽  
C. F. Johnston ◽  
C. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Confocal Scanning ◽  
Immunocytochemical Techniques ◽  
Peripheral Nervous Systems ◽  
Confocal Scanning Laser ◽  
Nerve Cords

AbstractAdult Corrigia vitta (Trematoda: Dicrocoelidea) inhabit the pancreatic duct of the fieldmouse, Apodemus sylvaticus, where, in numbers, they may occlude the duct lumen and prevent the flow of pancreatic secretions. Enzyme histochemical and immunocytochemical techniques, in conjunction with confocal scanning laser microscopy, have been used to examine the localization and distribution of cholinergic. serotoninergic (5-HT, serotonin) and peptidergic components of the nervous system of the adult worm. All three classes of neuronal mediator showed a common pattern of staining, occurring throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. Of the four peptide immunoreactivities (IR) demonstrated (pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide YY (PYY), substance P (SP), FMRFamide), PP-IR was the most predominant, occurring not only within the central ganglia and longitudinal nerve cords, but also in subtegumental plexuses and in fibres associated with the egg-forming apparatus. PYY and FMRFamide IRs were evident throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems; FMRFamide immunostaining, in particular, highlighted innervation of the ootype and immunoreactive cell bodies around the Mehlis' gland. Both SP- and 5-HT-IRs were restricted to the cerebral ganglia, ventral nerve cords and associated cell bodies. The distribution pattems of these peptides and 5-HT within the nervous system of C. vitta suggest they are likely to function as neuronal mediators. PP, PYY and FMRFamide may also serve in regulating egg production.

scholarly journals Unraveling the differential dynamics of developmental fate in central and peripheral nervous systems

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dola Sengupta ◽  
Sandip Kar
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Regulatory Proteins ◽  
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Over Expression ◽  
Developmental Fate ◽  
Morphogenetic Protein ◽  
Peripheral Nervous Systems ◽  
Developmental Dynamics

AbstractBone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), differentially regulates the developmental lineage commitment of neural stem cells (NSC’s) in central and peripheral nervous systems. However, the precise mechanism beneath such observations still remains illusive. To decipher the intricacies of this mechanism, we propose a generic mathematical model of BMP2 driven differentiation regulation of NSC’s. The model efficiently captures the dynamics of the wild-type as well as various mutant and over-expression phenotypes for NSC’s in central nervous system. Our model predicts that the differential developmental dynamics of the NSC’s in peripheral nervous system can be reconciled by altering the relative positions of the two mutually interconnected bi-unstable switches inherently present in the steady state dynamics of the crucial developmental fate regulatory proteins as a function of BMP2 dose. This model thus provides a novel mechanistic insight and has the potential to deliver exciting therapeutic strategies for neuronal regeneration from NSC’s of different origin.

Cephalochordate Nervous System

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Candiani ◽  
Mario Pestarino
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Molecular Methods ◽  
Neuronal Circuits ◽  
Serotonergic Neurons ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
System P ◽  
History Of ◽  
Peripheral Nervous Systems

The central and peripheral nervous systems of amphioxus adults and larvae are characterized by morphofunctional features relevant to understanding the origins and evolutionary history of the vertebrate CNS. Classical neuroanatomical studies are mainly on adult amphioxus, but there has been a recent focus, both by TEM and molecular methods, on the larval CNS. The latter is small and remarkably simple, and new data on the localization of glutamatergic, GABAergic/glycinergic, cholinergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic neurons within the larval CNS are now available. In consequence, it has been possible begin the process of identifying specific neuronal circuits, including those involved in controlling larval locomotion. This is especially useful for the insights it provides into the organization of comparable circuits in the midbrain and hindbrain of vertebrates. A much better understanding of basic chordate CNS organization will eventually be possible when further experimental data will emerge.

Insect blood-brain barrier: an electrophysiological investigation of its permeability to the aliphatic alcohols

1976 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-118
Author(s):  
M. V. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Diffusion Barrier ◽  
Aliphatic Alcohols ◽  
Ionic Diffusion ◽  
Higher Alcohols ◽  
Electrophysiological Investigation ◽  
First Order ◽  
First Order Kinetics ◽  
Nerve Sheath

The anaesthetic effects of the aliphatic alcohols were used to measure their concentration at the neuronal surfaces of the cockroach central nervous system. The results were in most cases fairly closely described by first-order kinetics. The exchange half-times of the lower alcohols were only a few seconds, being little affected by the removal of the nerve sheath. The half-times for the higher alcohols were somewhat longer, and were more significantly reduced by desheathing; these observations were interpreted in terms of a reservoir effect resulting from their higher liposolubility. It was shown that the ionic diffusion barrier in intact nerve cords remained undamaged in the presence of the alcohols.

Processing of Sensory Input from the Femoral Chordotonal Organ by Spiking Interneurones of Stick Insects

1989 ◽  
Vol 144 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANSGAR BÜSCHGES
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Stick Insect ◽  
Chordotonal Organ ◽  
Carausius Morosus ◽  
Median Part ◽  
Stick Insects ◽  
Position Sensitivity ◽  
The Right ◽  
Stimulation Of

The femoral chordotonal organ (ChO) of the right middle leg of the inactive stick insect Carausius morosus was stimulated by applying movements having a ramp-like time course, while recordings were made from local and interganglionic interneurones in the anterior ventral median part of the ganglion. Position, velocity and acceleration of the movements were varied independently and the interneurones were categorized on the basis of their responses to the changes in these parameters. Position-sensitivity was always accompanied by responses to velocity and/or acceleration. Velocity-sensitive responses were excitatory or inhibitory and were produced by elongation or relaxation, or by both. In some cases, velocity-sensitive neurones were also affected by position and acceleration. Acceleration responses were always excitatory and were often found in neurones that showed no effects of velocity or position. It is inferred that sensory input from different receptors in the ChO is processed by single interneurones. No interneurone in the recording region was found to be directly involved in the resistance reflex of the extensor tibiae motoneurones, elicited by stimulation of the ChO.

The Distribution and Exchange of Inorganic Ions in the Central Nervous System of the Stick Insect Carausius Morosus

1965 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-27
Author(s):  
J. E. TREHERNE
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Stick Insect ◽  
Metabolic Inhibitors ◽  
Carausius Morosus ◽  
Intracellular Compartments ◽  
Extra Cellular Fluid ◽  
The Central Nervous System

1. The distribution and exchange of inorganic ions between the central and the haemolymph has been studied in the stick insect, Carausius morosus, by flame photometry and radioactive tracers. 2. The exchanges of labelled ions show rapid and slow components which correspond to extracellular and intracellular compartments within the central nervous system. 3. The uptake of sodium from the haemolymph and its concentration in the extra-cellular fluid is reduced in the presence of metabolic inhibitors. 4. The distribution between haemolymph and extracellular fluid of calcium and magnesium, and also of sodium in poisoned preparations, conforms to a Donnan equilibrium. The distribution of potassium, even in poisoned preparations, does not conform and it is suggested that the activity of this ion may be lower than in free solution. 5. The concentration of magnesium is appreciably greater in the extracellular than in the intracellular compartment. The possible role of magnesium in nervous transmission in this insect is discussed.

A Case of Stiffness in the Legs and Gradual Difficulty Walking

2018 ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
Aaron E. Miller ◽  
Tracy M. DeAngelis ◽  
Michelle Fabian ◽  
Ilana Katz Sand
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Spastic Paraparesis ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Peripheral Neuropathies ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Peripheral Nervous Systems ◽  
Difficulty Walking

Atlanto-axial subluxation, which causes a spastic paraparesis, is a relatively rare, but very important to recognize, complication of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The presence of myelopathy usually warrants surgical intervention. Other central nervous system manifestations of RA are very unusual, but occasionally involvement of the leptomeninges occurs. A variety of peripheral neuropathies may occur, but most common are compressive neuropathies caused by tenosynovitis or joint deformities. In addition to the neurological complications of RA itself, a variety of neurological complications, both in the central and in the peripheral nervous systems, may be associated with the medications used to treat the disease.

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