Memoirs: On the Body-wall in Bryozoa

1926 ◽  
Vol s2-70 (280) ◽  
pp. 583-598
Author(s):  
FOLKE BORG
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Coelomic Cavity ◽  
The Family ◽  
Annular Zone ◽  
Cellular Layer

The results obtained in this paper may be summarized as follows : 1. The body-wall in the majority of the Cyclostomata consists of cuticle, calcareous layer, ectoderm, and mesoderm. The two former layers are secreted from the ectoderm. The cuticle is found only outside the calcareous layer. The ectoderm and mesoderm are both strongly reduced. The so-called pores that pierce the calcareous layer are not real pores but pseudopores ; the interzoidal pores are, on the contrary, always real pores. There is never any cellular layer outside the cuticle of the bodywall. 2. In the joints that occur in the Crisiidae there is, instead of the calcareous layer, a firm chitinous substance forming an annular zone that is wider on the inward side than on the outside of the joint. The cuticle is torn off all round the joint. The ectoderm and mesoderm are much better developed in the joint than in the rest of the body-wall. 3. In the Horneridae and the Lichenoporidae the body-wall is double, consisting of a gymnocyst and a cryptocyst, separated by a slit-like hypostegal coelomic cavity. The gymnocyst is composed of cuticle, ectoderm, and mesoderm, whereas the cryptocyst consists of a calcareous layer on both sides surrounded by ectoderm and mesoderm. The interzoidal walls, in the two families mentioned, are of the same structure as in all other Cyclostomes. 4. The cryptocyst in the Horneridae and the Lichenoporidae is not, in all probability, homologous with the formation designated by the same name and occurring in many Cheilostomes. 5. On account of the structure of the body-wall there are no pseudopores in the Horneridae and the Lichenoporidae, but only real pores. In the Lichenoporidae there are no pores at all in the walls of the autozoids. 6. It seems very probable that the structure of the body-wall in the family Heteroporidae and in the extinct sub-order Trepostomata is the same as in the Horneridae and the Lichenoporidae.

scholarly journals The Blood-system in the Serpulimorpha (Annelida, Polychaeta)

1950 ◽  
Vol s3-91 (16) ◽  
pp. 369-378
Author(s):  
JEAN HANSON
Keyword(s):  
Blood Supply ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Blood System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dorsal Vessel ◽  
The Family ◽  
Body Wall Musculature

1. The blood-system in sabellids of the following genera is described: Sabella, Potamilla, Branchiomma, Dasychone, Amphiglena, Fabricia, Jasmineira, Dialychone, and Myxicola. 2. The central blood-system of Sabella is typical of the family, but the peripheral blood-system is variable. 3. The dorsal vessel lacks the valve and muscular sphincter found in some serpulids. 4. Lateral vessels are present only in Sabella and Dasychone. 5. The differences and similarities between sabellid and serpulid blood-systems are discussed. Special attention is given to the functions of sub-epidermal and coelomic capillaries and the blood-supply of the body-wall musculature.

1. On the Structure of the Body-wall in the Spionidæ

1878 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 123-129
Author(s):  
W. C. M'Intosh
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
Middle Line ◽  
Structural Examination ◽  
The Family ◽  
Rounded Form ◽  
Basement Layer ◽  
External Form ◽  
Complex Manner

In regard to external form, Nerine foliosa, Sars, is generally taken as the type of the family, and therefore it may be selected for structural examination in the first instance. Anteriorly the pointed snout is completed by the intricate interlacing of the muscular fibres beneath specially thickened cuticular and hypodermic layers. As soon as the body-wall assumes a rounded form, a layer of circular and oblique muscular fibres occurs beneath the hypoderm, the majority having the latter (i.e., the oblique) direction. In the centre of the area the oesophagus is suspended by strong muscular bundles (the most conspicuous of which are vertical) passing from the hypodermic basement-layer in the middle line superiorly to be attached to the œsophagal wall. A second series, as they descend to their insertion at the ventral surface, give lateral support to the tube; while a third group interlace in a complex manner, and, with the blood-vessels, fill up the space between the œsophagus and the wall of the body.

Multiple records and polymorphism of Parastichopus regalis (Cuvier, 1817) (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Stichopodidae) along the Algerian coast

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5032 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-562
Author(s):  
IHCENE KHODJA ◽  
KARIM MEZALI ◽  
AHMED S. THANDAR
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Disk Diameter ◽  
The Family ◽  
Algerian Coast

The family Stichopodidae is represented in the Mediterranean Sea by the genus Parastichopus which includes two non-endemic species; Parastichopus tremulus (Gunnerus, 1767) and Parastichopus regalis (Cuvier, 1817). On the Algerian coast (southwestern Mediterranean Sea), two morphotypes of P. regalis were observed, one with dark spots on the dorsal surface and the other non-spotted. In total, 65 individuals of P. regalis were recorded from 22 stations along the Algerian coast during an oceanographic campaign. Twelve individuals (6 of each morphotype) were used for a comparative study of the morphological (including endoskeletal) characteristics. Table ossicles, the only ossicles of the body wall of the two morphotypes of P. regalis, are here compared with regard to the disk diameter of the tables and the total area of the surface of the disc. Statistical analysis did not show any significant differences between the spotted and the non-spotted morphotypes.  

The formation, structure and histochemistry of the metacercarial cyst of three species of digenetic trematodes

Parasitology ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan W. Pike ◽  
D. A. Erasmus
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metacercarial Cyst ◽  
Digenetic Trematodes ◽  
Innermost Layer ◽  
Layer 4 ◽  
Ventral Area ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Cellular Layer

Cercariae of Psilotrema oligoon and Notocotylus attenuatus encyst free to form multilayered, hemispherical cysts. The former consists of four layers in which the innermost (layer 4) is divided into two, chemically and structurally different, areas. Cysts of the latter have three layers in which the innermost (layer 3) is again divided into two chemically different parts. A third cyst, produced by the encystment of Cercaria tarda in the tissues of Limnophilus flavicornis, is spherical and contains three layers (of which the outermost was not studied).All of the cysts studied contain a high proportion of protein, which in some layers occurs combined with carbohydrates. In both free-encysting species the two outer layers are produced by expansion of a non-cellular layer covering the integument and the innermost layer is produced by secretion of bâtonnets from a layer of cells lying beneath the body wall. Cysts of P. oligoon are divided into two separate parts, each having two layers, whereas those of N. attenuates consist of a single three-layered wall. The innermost layer in both consists of a protein with disulphide and sulphydryl linkages, and in the cyst of P. oligoon it has a circular ventral area containing carbohydrates. A similar carbohydrate-containing area occurs in the innermost layer of the cyst of N. attenuatus but as a ventro-lateral ring of material. The cyst of Cercaria tarda is also predominantly proteinaceous and stains intensely for RNA.

Some unusual structures in Locusta migratoria migratorioides and their probable function as thermoreceptors

1951 ◽  
Vol 138 (892) ◽  
pp. 414-437 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Locusta Migratoria ◽  
The Body ◽  
Migratory Locust ◽  
Probable Function ◽  
Locusta Migratoria Migratorioides ◽  
Cellular Layer

Adults of the African migratory locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides (Reiche & Fairmaire), are provided with paired, segmentally arranged, specialized areas on the surface of the head, thorax and abdominal segments one to seven. Those on the head have been called the antennal crescents and those on the thorax and abdomen the fenestrae . The cuticle of these special areas and the cellular layer associated with it are both unusual in structure and differ markedly from other parts of the body wall. Experiments designed to discover the function of the crescents and fenestrae indicate that they are much more sensitive to heat than is the surface in general, and that they probably serve as thermoreceptors. The observations and exeriments of earlier workers on the behaviour of locusts and grasshoppers when exposed to sunlight and other sources of heat are more clearly understandable on the assumption that these specialized areas function as thermorecept.

scholarly journals Gebrukothuria profundus, a new genus and species of laetmogonid holothurian (Elasipodida, Laetmogonidae) from around the Crozet Plateau in the Southern Indian Ocea

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2096 (1) ◽  
pp. 479-483
Author(s):  
ANTONINA ROGACHEVA ◽  
IAN A. CROSS ◽  
DAVID S. M. BILLETT
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Body ◽  
Southern Indian Ocean ◽  
New Genus And Species ◽  
The Family ◽  
Calcareous Deposits ◽  
Tube Feet

A new genus and species of laetmogonid holothurian (Elasipodida, Laetmogonidae), collected from around the Crozet Plateau in the Southern Indian Ocean, is described. It differs from other members of the family in that the body wall lacks the wheel-shaped calcareous deposits completely. Instead only rods are present. The genus is also distinguished by the combination of other morphological characters lacking in other known genera: absence of circum-oral and ventrolateral papillae together with development of midventral tube feet. All other members of the family Laetmogonidae are known to have wheel-shaped deposits, therefore diagnosis of the family is refined.

Lymphangiomatosis of the Body Wall: A Report of Two Cases Associated with Chylothorax and Fatal Outcome

1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Moerman ◽  
Chris Van Geet ◽  
Hugo Devlieger
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
The Body

Three new species, two new genera, and new family Biphragmosagittidae (Сhaetognatha) from Southwest Pacific Ocean

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-173
Author(s):  
A.P. Kassatkina
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Body ◽  
New Order ◽  
New Genera ◽  
New Family ◽  
The Family ◽  
Three New Species

Resuming published and own data, a revision of classification of Chaetognatha is presented. The family Sagittidae Claus & Grobben, 1905 is given a rank of subclass, Sagittiones, characterised, in particular, by the presence of two pairs of sac-like gelatinous structures or two pairs of fins. Besides the order Aphragmophora Tokioka, 1965, it contains the new order Biphragmosagittiformes ord. nov., which is a unique group of Chaetognatha with an unusual combination of morphological characters: the transverse muscles present in both the trunk and the tail sections of the body; the seminal vesicles simple, without internal complex compartments; the presence of two pairs of lateral fins. The only family assigned to the new order, Biphragmosagittidae fam. nov., contains two genera. Diagnoses of the two new genera, Biphragmosagitta gen. nov. (type species B. tarasovi sp. nov. and B. angusticephala sp. nov.) and Biphragmofastigata gen. nov. (type species B. fastigata sp. nov.), detailed descriptions and pictures of the three new species are presented.

scholarly journals A screen for genetic loci required for body-wall muscle development during embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Genetics ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-498
Author(s):  
J Ahnn ◽  
A Fire
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Myosin Heavy Chain ◽  
Muscle Cell ◽  
Heavy Chain ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Contractile Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Wall Muscle ◽  
Genetic Loci

Abstract We have used available chromosomal deficiencies to screen for genetic loci whose zygotic expression is required for formation of body-wall muscle cells during embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. To test for muscle cell differentiation we have assayed for both contractile function and the expression of muscle-specific structural proteins. Monoclonal antibodies directed against two myosin heavy chain isoforms, the products of the unc-54 and myo-3 genes, were used to detect body-wall muscle differentiation. We have screened 77 deficiencies, covering approximately 72% of the genome. Deficiency homozygotes in most cases stain with antibodies to the body-wall muscle myosins and in many cases muscle contractile function is observed. We have identified two regions showing distinct defects in myosin heavy chain gene expression. Embryos homozygous for deficiencies removing the left tip of chromosome V fail to accumulate the myo-3 and unc-54 products, but express antigens characteristic of hypodermal, pharyngeal and neural development. Embryos lacking a large region on chromosome III accumulate the unc-54 product but not the myo-3 product. We conclude that there exist only a small number of loci whose zygotic expression is uniquely required for adoption of a muscle cell fate.

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