Memoirs: Studies in the Origin of Yolk. I. Oogenesis of the Spider, Crossopriza Lyoni (Blackwall)

1928 ◽  
Vol s2-72 (286) ◽  
pp. 277-300
Author(s):  
VISHWA NATH
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Red ◽  
Metallic Silver ◽  
Osmic Acid ◽  
Routine Laboratory ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Mitochondrial Mass ◽  
Janus Green ◽  
Cover Slip ◽  
Nuclear Ring ◽  
Yolk Nucleus

1. The oogenesis of the spider Crossopriza has been worked out by fresh cover-slip preparations stained with neutral red and Janus green B or kept in 2 per cent, osmic acid from ten minutes to half an hour. Routine laboratory methods have also been used. 2. Treatment with 2 per cent. osmic acid for the period mentioned above does not introduce any artifacts. 3. In the youngest oocyte the Golgi elements are in the form of vacuoles containing a watery and non-fatty fluid, and are embedded in the mitochondrial mass. 4. The solid granular Golgi elements are artifacts produced by the excessive precipitation of metallic silver or osmium inside the vacuoles. 5. The crescent-shaped Golgi elements are also artifacts produced possibly by the incomplete blackening of vacuoles. More probably, however, the crescents are the optical sections of the vacuoles. 6. A process of growth and deposition of fat not miscible with the general cytoplasm inside the Golgi vacuoles gives rise to the fatty yolk-vacuoles. 7. The mitochondria are granular and form a horse-shoe-shaped cap on one side of the nucleus of the youngest oocyte. The cap gradually grows into a complete circum-nuclear ring. The ring breaks up, and ultimately the mitochondria are distributed uniformly throughout the cytoplasm. 8. There are no nucleolar extrusions. The albuminous yolk arises independently in the cytoplasm. 9. Experiments with the centrifuge have been performed. 10. The earlier literature on the origin of fatty yolk has been reviewed. 11. There is no structure in the egg of Crossopriza comparable to the ‘yolk-nucleus’ of the spider Tegenaria described by earlier writers.

scholarly journals Memoirs: Yolk-Formation in Periplaneta Orientalis

1931 ◽  
Vol s2-74 (294) ◽  
pp. 257-274
Author(s):  
R.A. R. GRESSON
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Nuclear Membrane ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Follicle Cells ◽  
Osmic Acid ◽  
Staining Reaction ◽  
Yolk Formation ◽  
Cover Slip ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Masses

1. The Golgi vacuoles and fatty yolk-formation in Peri-planeta orientalis were studied by means of Mann-Kopsch, Kolatschev, 2 per cent, osmic acid and neutral red preparations. 2. The Golgi vacuoles of the young oocytes are situated in the vicinity of the nucleus; later they pass to the periphery of the cell. In the older oocytes, towards the posterior end of the ovarioles, they become evenly distributed in the ooplasm, store up fat, increase greatly in size, and give rise to the fatty yolkspheres. In the older oocytes they darken much more rapidly in 2 per cent, osmic acid. 3. In neutral red preparations clear non-stained vacuoles are seen to occupy similar positions to those of the dark bodies of the osmic preparations; on introducing a few drops of 2 per cent, osmic acid under the cover slip the vacuoles develop an osmophilic rim. These Golgi vacuoles are not stained by neutral red. 4. In 2 per cent, osmic acid preparations the Golgi vacuoles are seen to consist of an osmophilic rim and a central clear substance. 5. The Golgi vacuoles of the follicle-cells are similar to those of the egg, except that they do not increase greatly in size and are not so rapidly darkened in 2 per cent, osmic acid. 6. The nucleoli of the early oocytes are spherical in shape and are amphiphil or slightly basophil in staining reaction; they may contain small vacuoles. In slightly older oocytes the nucleoli are non-vacuolated; they become strongly basophil, irregular in outline, and, at the same time, give rise to emissions which pass through the nuclear membrane to the ooplasm, where they ultimately disappear. In a certain few oocytes the nucleolus was seen to have broken up into several masses, some of the latter, in all probability, fragmenting to form nucleolar extrusions. In a certain oocyte one of the masses was observed to be vacuolated before the first type of extrusion had ceased. 7. In the more highly developed oocytes the first type of nucleolar emission ceases, and the nucleolus becomes more spherical in outline. Numerous vacuoles appear which give origin to nucleolar extrusions. The latter become vacuolated, either before extrusion through the nuclear membrane, or later in the ooplasm. 8. The second type of nucleolar extrusions pass to the periphery of the egg. Later they become evenly distributed in the ooplasm, where they fragment to forin homogeneous granules. The latter form clear spheres (Kolatschev material) which rapidly increase in size to form the albuminous yolk-globules. 9. Chromatin was not observed in the oocyte nuclei, nucleoli, or nucleolar extrusions (Feulgen's technique). The chromatin of the follicle-cells is in the form of granules connected by threads (which give the chromatin reaction). The chromatin of the follicular epithelial-cells was observed as granules scattered through the nuclei. 10. Bacteroid forms were observed in the ooplasm at the periphery of the older oocytes. 11. The method of yolk-formation is similar to that of Peri-planeta americanaas described by Nath and Piare Mohan. 12. The writer's conclusions regarding the shape and character of the Golgi vacuoles agree with tne findings of Nath and his co-workers and with the former conclusions of the present writer for oocyte Golgi vacuoles.

Memoirs: Studies on the Shape of the Golgi Apparatus

1930 ◽  
Vol s2-73 (291) ◽  
pp. 477-506
Author(s):  
VISHWA NATH
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Nuclear Membrane ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Living Condition ◽  
Osmic Acid ◽  
Janus Green ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Excellent Work ◽  
Semi Solid

1. Observations on the living ovary. The earthworm ovary, as also that of the medicinal leech, is surprisingly favourable material for the study of the Golgi apparatus and the mitochondria in the living condition. The Golgi elements stand out very prominently in all stages of oogenesis as highly refractile spherules of a dark-greyish colour, performing a dancing movement in the cell. In the earliest oogonia situated near the septal insertion of the ovary there is a single Golgi spherule lying near the nuclear membrane. It probably divides at first into two and then into four, till in advanced oocytes there is a large number of Golgi elements distributed uniformly in the cytoplasm. The mitochondria in the earliest oogonia cannot be detected. Soon, however, they arise in the form of either a horseshoe closely fitting the nuclear membrane or a roundish mass, consisting of whitish granules, much less refractile than the Golgi elements. Gradually they spread out in the cytoplasm and perform a dancing movement. The Golgi elements and the mitochondria remain unaltered for a long time after the death of the cell. Attention is drawn to the excellent work of Foot and Strobell (1901), who described in the fresh egg of Allolobophora only two types of granules, namely, the ‘deutoplasmic’ or ‘osmiophile’ granules (Golgi elements) and the ‘archoplasmic’ or ‘yolk-nucleus’ granules (mitochondria). They have also shown only one osmiophile granule in their photographs of the earliest oogonia. 2. Observations on the living stained ovary. Neutral red and janus green B do not in any way improve the visibility of the inclusions, if indeed any improvement were desired. The Golgi elements do not at all stain with neutral red. The mitochondria may appear slightly blue with janus green. 3. Observations on fresh ovaries treated with osmic acid. The importance of this technique is greatly emphasized. After five to ten minutes' osmication the Golgi elements become copper-coloured, but they still appear solid. After half an hour's osmication they become slightly black and each element now shows very clearly a dark peripheral rim and a clear central area. The element is therefore not a solid or a semi-solid body, but a vesicle with a definite osmiophilic rim and a hollow interior. After two hours' osmication the vesicles become still blacker. 4. Experiments with the Centrifuge. The centrifuge very clearly reveals the existence of only two types of inclusions, namely, the Golgi elements and the mitochondria. There is neither yolk nor any other type of inclusion. 5. Observations on Fixed Preparations. If a Champy-fixed ovary is mounted whole, the Golgi elements appear as black granules. Within a month or so, however, they are decolorized by xylol. This proves the existence of fat inside the Golgi vesicle. In Champy-fixed sections, however, the vesicles are decolorized immediately after immersion in xylol. Kolatschev preparations demonstrate very satisfactorily the vesicular shape of the Golgi element. 6. The morphology of the Golgi apparatus in general is discussed in detail in the light of the recent work of Gatenby, Hirschler, Bowen, and others.

scholarly journals Improved Detection of Staphylococcus intermedius Group in a Routine Diagnostic Laboratory

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 961-963 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Lee ◽  
Aimee Murray ◽  
Richard Bendall ◽  
William Gaze ◽  
Lihong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Routine Laboratory ◽  
Simple Scheme ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Dog Bites ◽  
Zoonotic Pathogens ◽  
Staphylococcus Intermedius

TheStaphylococcus intermediusgroup (SIG) includes zoonotic pathogens traditionally associated with dog bites. We describe a simple scheme for improved detection of SIG using routine laboratory methods, report its effect on isolation rates, and use sequencing to confirm that, apart from one atypical SIG strain, most isolates areStaphylococcus pseudintermedius.

scholarly journals Experiments on the Effect of Dyes on Induction and Respiration in the Amphibian Gastrula

1939 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-154
Author(s):  
R. A. BEATTY ◽  
S. DE JONG ◽  
M. A. ZIELIŃSKI
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Weak Solutions ◽  
Neural Differentiation ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Cell Respiration ◽  
Janus Green ◽  
Method Show ◽  
Weak Concentration

1. It is shown that pieces of presumptive epidermis (ventral ectoderm of the gastrula), when isolated into weak solutions of several dyes, will undergo neural differentiation. Dyes such as Janus green and neutral red, which are not known to accelerate cell respiration, appear to have this effect, as well as methylene blue, the accelerating action of which on cell respiration is well known. 2. Measurements of the oxygen consumption of isolated pieces of the gastrula by the Cartesian Diver method show that methylene blue, if in weak concentration, has an accelerating action of about 45%. In stronger concentrations it is inhibitory.

scholarly journals Memoirs: Studies in the Origin of Yolk. VI. The Crustacean Cogenesis

1931 ◽  
Vol s2-74 (296) ◽  
pp. 669-700
Author(s):  
DES RAJ BHATIA ◽  
VISHWA NATH
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Membrane ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Yolk Granule ◽  
Yolk Formation ◽  
Rana Tigrina ◽  
Nuclear Ring ◽  
First Time ◽  
Vacuolar System ◽  
Peripheral Regions

Palaemon lamarrei 1. In the oogonia there are no granules which can be assigned to the category of mitochondria. They appear for the first time in young oocytes in the form of a juxta-nuclear heap of granules or in the form of a horseshoe closely embracing the nuclear membrane. Soon they arrange themselves in the form of a circum-nuclear ring which gradually expands towards the periphery of the oocyte without breaking away from the nuclear membrane. At the same time the marginal mitochondria of the ring grow in size till ultimately they give rise to albuminous yolk, which therefore appears for the first time in the peripheral regions of the cytoplasm (cf. Oniscus, King, 1926, and Rana tigrina, Nath, 1931). 2. A yolk-forming mitochondrium first swells up; but it is still poorly fixed and stained with Bouin-haematoxylin, like the unchanged mitochondria. The process of growth continues and the swelling mitochondria now show an internal differentiation in the form of minute granules or very small vacuoles. Such mitochondria are only slightly better fixed and stained with Bouin-haematoxylin. Gradually they are completely shorn of their lipoidal constituents, condensing at the same time more and more of protein material. Ultimately they give rise to albuminous yolk, sensu stricto, which is fixed and stained excellently in Bouin-haematoxylin. 3. In the earliest oocytes the nucleolus throws out into the cytoplasm deeply basophil pieces which are more or less uniformly dispersed. Soon they disappear. Hereafter the nucleolar extrusions are very minute, but they remain restricted to the perinuclear region. They never wander into the general cytoplasm or at least into its peripheral regions where protein yolk appears for the first time. A direct origin of the yolk granule from the extrusion must, therefore, be ruled out. But the possibility of the extrusions going into solution and thus indirectly contributing towards yolk cannot be eliminated. 4. Although the mitochondria can be easily observed in the fresh cover-slip preparations of young oocytes, the Golgi elements cannot be demonstrated unless the material is osmicated for at least twenty-two hours. Chemically the Golgi elements are lipoidal (fat-like). They are not stainable with neutral red. 5. In the oogonia and the earliest oocytes the Golgi elements exist in the form of vesicles, each vesicle showing a thick osmiophilic cortex and a central osmiophobic area. 6. During oogenesis many vesicles grow enormously in size, store up neutral fats inside them, and give rise to the fatty yolk as in Lithobius, spider, Otostigmus, Luciola, cockroach, Dysdercus, and Ophiocephalus (Nath, and Nath and collaborators), in Oniscus (King), in saw-flies (Gresson), and in Helix (Brambell). 7. The vacuolar system is absent in the prawn and also in the crab. Paratalphusa spinigera. 8. The Golgi elements of the crab behave exactly like those of the prawn, but the mitochondria, on the other hand, remain inactive and have no visible relationship with yolk formation. 9. In the crab also there are well-marked nucleolar extrusions. As in the prawn a prominent circum-nuclear ring of these granules is established early in oogenesis. But, unlike the prawn, granules from this ring continue to wander into the cytoplasm at the periphery of which they directly grow into the albuminous yolk.

scholarly journals Evaluation of routine laboratory methods in the diagnosis of tubercular lymphadenitis

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (S1) ◽  
pp. 66-67
Author(s):  
P. Narang ◽  
Rahul Narang ◽  
D. K. Mendiratta ◽  
S. M. Sharma ◽  
R. Narang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Routine Laboratory ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Tubercular Lymphadenitis

Memoirs: Observations on the Effect of the Ultracentrifuge on some Free-living Flagellates

1936 ◽  
Vol s2-78 (312) ◽  
pp. 615-635
Author(s):  
RUTH PATTEN ◽  
HAROLD W. BEAMS
Keyword(s):  
Centrifugal Force ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Osmic Acid ◽  
Lateral Part ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Morphological Polarity ◽  
Clear Cytoplasm ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Anterior Posterior

1. When the three species of free-living flagellates employed in this investigation are subjected to the high centrifugal force obtained by the use of the air-driven centrifuge, stratification of the cytoplasmic components and inclusions takes place. 2. This stratification is most noticeable in the chlorophyll bearing Euglena. The chloroplasts form a belt having on the centrifugal side paramylum and neutral-red bodies, while the clear cytoplasm containing small spherical bodies, probably mitochondria, is at the centripetal pole 3. This stratification is a temporary process. Complete redistribution of the parts can take place. The orientation of the stratification is not dependent on the morphological polarity of the organism. The heaviest components may occupy the anterior, posterior, or lateral part of the organism. 4. There is no evidence that the bodies which stain intra vitally with neutral red are homologous with the Golgi bodies of the metazoa. On the contrary there is some new evidence to support the findings of Baker (1933) that these bodies stainable with neutral red give a metachromatic reaction with Meyer's methylene-blue method, and are therefore probably identical with volutin. We have reached no satisfactory conclusion regarding what structures represent the Golgi apparatus. The theories put forward by other observers are briefly discussed. 5. Fixatives containing osmic acid show spherical bodies close to the periphery of the organism. They are not moved by the centrifugal force. 6. Short notes are given on the effect of the ultra-centrifuge on Menoidium sp. and on Chilomonas paramecium. As in Euglena the heaviest materials in Menoidium are the paramylum and bodies stainable with neutral red. In Chilomonas starch grains and neutral-red-stainable bodies are displaced to the centrifugal pole. In control specimens of Menoidium there is sometimes a natural stratification to be observed the paramylum and neutral-red bodies being gathered together usually at the anterior end of the organism.

Neutral red and Janus green as histological stains

1924 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 241-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hervey S. Faris
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Red ◽  
Janus Green
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