Memoirs: Observations on the Effect of the Ultracentrifuge on some Free-living Flagellates

1936 ◽  
Vol s2-78 (312) ◽  
pp. 615-635
Author(s):  
RUTH PATTEN ◽  
HAROLD W. BEAMS
Keyword(s):  
Centrifugal Force ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Osmic Acid ◽  
Lateral Part ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Morphological Polarity ◽  
Clear Cytoplasm ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Anterior Posterior

1. When the three species of free-living flagellates employed in this investigation are subjected to the high centrifugal force obtained by the use of the air-driven centrifuge, stratification of the cytoplasmic components and inclusions takes place. 2. This stratification is most noticeable in the chlorophyll bearing Euglena. The chloroplasts form a belt having on the centrifugal side paramylum and neutral-red bodies, while the clear cytoplasm containing small spherical bodies, probably mitochondria, is at the centripetal pole 3. This stratification is a temporary process. Complete redistribution of the parts can take place. The orientation of the stratification is not dependent on the morphological polarity of the organism. The heaviest components may occupy the anterior, posterior, or lateral part of the organism. 4. There is no evidence that the bodies which stain intra vitally with neutral red are homologous with the Golgi bodies of the metazoa. On the contrary there is some new evidence to support the findings of Baker (1933) that these bodies stainable with neutral red give a metachromatic reaction with Meyer's methylene-blue method, and are therefore probably identical with volutin. We have reached no satisfactory conclusion regarding what structures represent the Golgi apparatus. The theories put forward by other observers are briefly discussed. 5. Fixatives containing osmic acid show spherical bodies close to the periphery of the organism. They are not moved by the centrifugal force. 6. Short notes are given on the effect of the ultra-centrifuge on Menoidium sp. and on Chilomonas paramecium. As in Euglena the heaviest materials in Menoidium are the paramylum and bodies stainable with neutral red. In Chilomonas starch grains and neutral-red-stainable bodies are displaced to the centrifugal pole. In control specimens of Menoidium there is sometimes a natural stratification to be observed the paramylum and neutral-red bodies being gathered together usually at the anterior end of the organism.

scholarly journals Plastic, nutrition and pollution; relationships between ingested plastic and metal concentrations in the livers of two Pachyptila seabirds

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Roman ◽  
Farzana Kastury ◽  
Sophie Petit ◽  
Rina Aleman ◽  
Chris Wilcox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Hazard ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Seabird Species ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Plastic Metal ◽  
Liver Concentration ◽  
New Evidence

Abstract Naturally occurring metals and metalloids [metal(loid)s] are essential for the physiological functioning of wildlife; however, environmental contamination by metal(loid) and plastic pollutants is a health hazard. Metal(loid)s may interact with plastic in the environment and there is mixed evidence about whether plastic ingested by wildlife affects metal(loid) absorption/assimilation and concentration in the body. We examined ingested plastic and liver concentration of eleven metal(loid)s in two seabird species: fairy (Pachyptila turtur) and slender-billed prions (P. belcheri). We found significant relationships between ingested plastic and the concentrations of aluminium (Al), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in the liver of prions. We investigated whether the pattern of significant relationships reflected plastic-metal(loid) associations predicted in the scientific literature, including by transfer of metals from ingested plastics or malnutrition due to dietary dilution by plastics in the gut. We found some support for both associations, suggesting that ingested plastic may be connected with dietary dilution / lack of essential nutrients, especially iron, and potential transfer of zinc. We did not find a relationship between plastic and non-essential metal(loid)s, including lead. The effect of plastic was minor compared to that of dietary exposure to metal(oid)s, and small plastic loads (< 3 items) had no discernible link with metal(loid)s. This new evidence shows a relationship between plastic ingestion and liver metal(loid) concentrations in free-living wildlife.

Ultrastructure of sperm development in the free-living marine nematodes of the family Chromadoridae (Chromadorida: Chromadorina)

Nematology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Yushin ◽  
August Coomans
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Envelope ◽  
Marine Nematodes ◽  
Large Nucleus ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Microscopie Électronique ◽  
The Family ◽  
Sperm Development ◽  
Sperm Plasma Membrane ◽  
Filamentous Material

AbstractSpermatogenesis in two species of free-living marine nematodes from the family Chromadoridae (Panduripharynx pacifica and Euchromadora robusta) was studied electron-microscopically. The spermatogonia of both species are undifferentiated polygonal cells with a large nucleus surrounded by a small amount of cytoplasm. In P. pacifica the cytoplasm of spermatocytes contains many Golgi bodies, cisternae of RER, ribosomes, mitochondria and dense spherical bodies. Filamentous material is accumulated in spermatids, which contain only mitochondria and a fragmented (or lobed) nucleus devoid of the nuclear envelope. The immature sperm resembles the late spermatid: its central filamentous area is surrounded by chromatine particles and occasional mitochondria. The immature sperm plasma membrane forms deep infoldings. Mature spermatozoa from the uterus consist of a small main cell body (MCB) bearing a prominent pseudopod filled with cytoskeleton filaments. The MCB contains a nucleus and mitochondria. Spermatogenesis in E. robusta (studied only in testes) resembles that described for P. pacifica, but spermatocytes of E. robusta show much lower metabolic activity and, as a result, a smaller mass of filamentous material is stored in the spermatids and immature sperm. The spermatozoa of P. pacifica and the immature sperm of E. robusta have the main ultrastructural features characteristic for nematodes (amoeboid nature, absence of axoneme, acrosome and nuclear envelope). No aberrant organelles special for many nematode sperm (membranous organelles, paracrystalline fibrous bodies and their complexes) were found during sperm development of the chromadorids studied. In this respect their spermatogenesis differs significantly from that in secernents and monhysterids.La spermatogenèse a été étudiée en microscopie électronique à transmission chez deux espèces de nématodes libres marins (Panduripharynx pacifica et Euchromadora robusta) de la famille des Chromadoridae. Les spermatogonies, chez les deux espèces, sont des cellules indifférenciées avec un grand noyau entouré d'une petite quantité de cytoplasme. Chez P. pacifica, le cytoplasme des spermatocytes contient de nombreux corps de Golgi, des cisternae du RER, des ribosomes, des mitochondries et des corps sphériques denses. Le matériel filamenteux est accumulé dans les spermatides qui contiennent seulement des mitochondries et un noyau fragmenté (ou lobé) dépourvu d'enveloppe nucléaire. Le sperme immature resemble aux dernières spermatides: son aire centrale filamenteuse est entourée par des particules de chromatine et quelques mitochondries. La membrane plasmatique du sperme immature forme des invaginations profondes. Les spermatozoïdes matures, dans l'utérus, sont constitués par un petit corps cellulaire principal (MCB) portant un pseudopode proéminent rempli de filaments de cytosquelette. Le MCB contient un noyau et des mitochondries. La spermatogenèse chez E. robusta (étudiées seulement au niveau des testicules) ressemble à celle décrite chez P. pacifica, mais les spermatocytes d' E. robusta sont le siège d'une activité métabolique plus faible et, par conséquent, une masse plus faible de matériel filamenteux est stockée dans les spermatides et dans le sperme immature. Les spermatozoïdes de P. pacifica et le sperme immature d' E. robusta ont les mêmes caractéristiques ultrastructurales pour des nématodes (nature amiboïde, absence d'axonème, d'acrosome et d'enveloppe nucléaire) mais aucune des organelles aberrantes particuliéres à de nombreux spermes de nématodes (organelles membraneuses, corps fibreux paracrystallins et leurs complexes) n'ont été identifiées pendant le développement du sperme chez les Chromadorides étudiés. Par cet aspect, leur spermatogenèse diffère significativement de celle des Secernentes et des Monhysterides.

Ultrastructure of spermatogenesis in the free-living marine nematode Halichoanolaimus sonorus (Chromadorida: Selachinematidae)

Nematology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 797-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Malakhov ◽  
Julia Zograf ◽  
Vladimir Yushin
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Cell Body ◽  
Residual Body ◽  
Filamentous Structure ◽  
Marine Nematode ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Main Cell ◽  
Mature Spermatozoa

AbstractSpermatogenesis of the free-living marine nematode Halichoanolaimus sonorus was studied with electron microscopy. The spermatocyte cytoplasm is filled with ribosomes, mitochondria, cisternae of the RER and Golgi bodies. The spermatids are subdivided into the residual body, which includes the entire synthetic apparatus of the cell, and the main cell body with a centrally located nucleus lacking a nuclear envelope. The mitochondria and the precursors of the fibrous bodies form a layer at the periphery of the main cell body. The main cell body surface bears numerous filopodia. The immature spermatozoa from the testes are unpolarised cells with a centrally located nucleus surrounded by spherical fibrous bodies, mitochondria and membranous stacks; the cell surface is covered by numerous short filopodia. Spermatozoa from the uterus do not show the dramatic changes common for activated spermatozoa of nematodes. Their nuclei, mitochondria, fibrous bodies and surface filopodia remain intact. Bundles of filaments appear between the fibrous bodies. Some of the ultrastructural characters of the spermatogenesis of H. sonorus (late appearance of fibrous bodies and their filamentous structure, absence of membranous organelles at all stages of spermatogenesis, occurrence of numerous surface filopodia in the immature and mature spermatozoa) may be utilised as distinctive cytological characters for phylogenetic analysis of the order Chromadorida.

Burkitt’s Lymphoma of the Right Jaw in a Child: The Radiographic Features and Case Report

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 01-04
Author(s):  
Sule M.B.
Keyword(s):  
Burkitt’S Lymphoma ◽  
Burkitt's Lymphoma ◽  
Lytic Lesion ◽  
Abdominal Ultrasonography ◽  
Radiographic Appearance ◽  
Jaw Bones ◽  
Clear Cytoplasm ◽  
Maxilla And Mandible ◽  
The Right ◽  
Anterior Posterior

Burkitt’s lymphoma is a tumor that most often affects the jaws, most commonly seen in endemic areas of Africa, although the jaws are affected in about 15-18% in non-endemic regions, with prevalence in boys aged between 4-7 years. This is a 12-year-old male child that presented with right jaw painful swelling for more than six-months duration of onset. He was referred for plain radiographs of the jaw from a peripheral healthcare center. The jaw radiograph was done in anterior-posterior and oblique views of both sides respectively. The radiographs demonstrated a soft tissue density mass on the right, with associated destructive lytic lesion involving the right maxilla severelyand the right mandibleto a lesser extent. There is associated loss of lamina dura with severe dental anarchy involving the maxilla. The mandible showed lytic and expansile areas in its body with marked periosteal reaction; the sunray appearance. The contralateral maxilla and mandible have normal appearances. Complementary abdominal ultrasonography revealed normal appearances excluding abdominal involvement. Histology revealed the classic diffuse starry-sky appearance with benign histiocytes containing abundant, clear cytoplasm dispersed among a background of homogeneous, basophilic tumor cells, in keeping with Burkitt’s lymphoma. We report this case to describe the radiographic appearance of Burkitt’s lymphoma of the jaw bones.

Ultrastructural studies of the epidermis and gastrodermis of Syndesmis franciscana (Turbellaria: Rhabdocoela)

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 536-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Portia A. Holt ◽  
D. F. Mettrick
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Esophageal Gland ◽  
Cell Processes ◽  
Basement Layer ◽  
Columnar Cells

Ultrastructural studies of the umagillid Syndesmis franciscana have revealed that it shares morphological characteristics with free-living turbellarians. The epidermis consists of a single layer of ciliated, columnar cells resting on a basal lamina. Organellar stratification is observed within these cells. Nuclei, mitochondria, and Golgi bodies are situated in the basal regions. Ciliary rootlets, microfilaments, and microtubules are associated with a terminal web-like zone in the apical areas. Neither epidermal nor subepidermal gland cells were observed in somatic regions. Rhabdites and pigment granules are lacking.The gastrodermis consists of a single layer of nonciliated columnar cells resting on a basement layer. The intestinal lumen is temporarily open. When food passes into the intestine, opposing luminal surfaces meet, causing local occlusions.The pharyngeal cavity, enclosed within the barrel-shaped pharynx, is lined by esophageal gland cell processes. Ciliates, identified as the sole food element, were found to be species of Entorhipidium. They are ingested and pass intact through the pharynx to the anterior intestinal lumen. In the intestine they were found in all stages of degradation within luminal, extraluminal, and intracellular vacuoles. Lipid droplets were frequently found in extraluminal vacuoles and in the ciliates present in such vacuoles. A mechanism for uptake of digested material is suggested by the occurrence of micropinocytotic vesicles associated with the extraluminal vacuoles.

scholarly journals Memoirs: Yolk-Formation in Periplaneta Orientalis

1931 ◽  
Vol s2-74 (294) ◽  
pp. 257-274
Author(s):  
R.A. R. GRESSON
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Nuclear Membrane ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Follicle Cells ◽  
Osmic Acid ◽  
Staining Reaction ◽  
Yolk Formation ◽  
Cover Slip ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Masses

1. The Golgi vacuoles and fatty yolk-formation in Peri-planeta orientalis were studied by means of Mann-Kopsch, Kolatschev, 2 per cent, osmic acid and neutral red preparations. 2. The Golgi vacuoles of the young oocytes are situated in the vicinity of the nucleus; later they pass to the periphery of the cell. In the older oocytes, towards the posterior end of the ovarioles, they become evenly distributed in the ooplasm, store up fat, increase greatly in size, and give rise to the fatty yolkspheres. In the older oocytes they darken much more rapidly in 2 per cent, osmic acid. 3. In neutral red preparations clear non-stained vacuoles are seen to occupy similar positions to those of the dark bodies of the osmic preparations; on introducing a few drops of 2 per cent, osmic acid under the cover slip the vacuoles develop an osmophilic rim. These Golgi vacuoles are not stained by neutral red. 4. In 2 per cent, osmic acid preparations the Golgi vacuoles are seen to consist of an osmophilic rim and a central clear substance. 5. The Golgi vacuoles of the follicle-cells are similar to those of the egg, except that they do not increase greatly in size and are not so rapidly darkened in 2 per cent, osmic acid. 6. The nucleoli of the early oocytes are spherical in shape and are amphiphil or slightly basophil in staining reaction; they may contain small vacuoles. In slightly older oocytes the nucleoli are non-vacuolated; they become strongly basophil, irregular in outline, and, at the same time, give rise to emissions which pass through the nuclear membrane to the ooplasm, where they ultimately disappear. In a certain few oocytes the nucleolus was seen to have broken up into several masses, some of the latter, in all probability, fragmenting to form nucleolar extrusions. In a certain oocyte one of the masses was observed to be vacuolated before the first type of extrusion had ceased. 7. In the more highly developed oocytes the first type of nucleolar emission ceases, and the nucleolus becomes more spherical in outline. Numerous vacuoles appear which give origin to nucleolar extrusions. The latter become vacuolated, either before extrusion through the nuclear membrane, or later in the ooplasm. 8. The second type of nucleolar extrusions pass to the periphery of the egg. Later they become evenly distributed in the ooplasm, where they fragment to forin homogeneous granules. The latter form clear spheres (Kolatschev material) which rapidly increase in size to form the albuminous yolk-globules. 9. Chromatin was not observed in the oocyte nuclei, nucleoli, or nucleolar extrusions (Feulgen's technique). The chromatin of the follicle-cells is in the form of granules connected by threads (which give the chromatin reaction). The chromatin of the follicular epithelial-cells was observed as granules scattered through the nuclei. 10. Bacteroid forms were observed in the ooplasm at the periphery of the older oocytes. 11. The method of yolk-formation is similar to that of Peri-planeta americanaas described by Nath and Piare Mohan. 12. The writer's conclusions regarding the shape and character of the Golgi vacuoles agree with tne findings of Nath and his co-workers and with the former conclusions of the present writer for oocyte Golgi vacuoles.

Memoirs: The Effects of Ultra-centrifuging the Oocytes of Lumbricus terrestris

1937 ◽  
Vol s2-79 (315) ◽  
pp. 471-486
Author(s):  
GERTRUDE M. NORMINTON
Keyword(s):  
Lumbricus Terrestris ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Large Spherical

1. The ultra-centrifuged cell becomes stratified into four layers: fat, cytoplasm containing the nucleus and Golgi bodies, mitochondria, and a clear substance. 2. The fairly large spherical, greyish bodies seen in the living oocytes of Lumbricus are fat, not Golgi bodies. This fat contains cholesterol. 3. The Golgi bodies are slightly curved, or straight rods, found, in the ultra-centrifuged cell, in a layer placed centrifugally to the nucleus. 4. The neutral-red granules are artifacts. If centrifuged they collect beside and beyond the nucleus. 5. The mitochondria are granular and may become alined into chains. 6. The heaviest substance in the cell is probably a fluid.

The Morphology of the Golgi Bodies with Reference to Secretion in the Liver-cells of the Slug, Anadenus Altivagus, as seen under the Phase-Contrast Microscope

1956 ◽  
Vol s3-97 (38) ◽  
pp. 171-176
Author(s):  
RAJINDER RISHI
Keyword(s):  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Liver Cells ◽  
Duplex Structure ◽  
Phase Contrast Microscope ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Contrast Microscope ◽  
Dark Contrast

Golgi bodies in the living liver-cells of the slug, Anadenus altivagus, exist in two forms: (a) homogeneous granules or spheres of dark contrast, and (b) spheres showing a duplex structure with a light greyish internum and a dark externum, which may be single or composite. The greyish internum of these duplex spheroids grows into the secretory granules, the dark externum disappearing in the process of growth. Mitochondria appear as fibres of light greyish contrast with a dark granule at each tip. This dark granule disassociates itself from the mitochondrion and forms the Golgi granule of dark contrast--the Golgi ‘pre-substance’. The Golgi pre-substance, stainable with neutral red, forms the Golgi spheroids.

Memoirs: The Cytology and Binary Fission of Peranema

1930 ◽  
Vol s2-73 (291) ◽  
pp. 403-418
Author(s):  
VIRGINIUS E. BROWN
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Euglena Gracilis ◽  
Nuclear Division ◽  
Chromosome Count ◽  
Osmic Acid ◽  
Cellular Division ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Euglena Proxima ◽  
Mitochondrial Origin ◽  
Cellular Components

1. Peranema trichophorum is holozoic in nature and selective in its food, but not predaceous. It feeds usually on dead and encysted Euglena proxima, Euglena gracilis, and rarely upon Chilomonas and Entosiphon. 2. The ‘Staborgan’ or rod-organ is not connected with the reservoir, but it opens into the cytostome which lies ventrally to this vesicle. Therefore the term gullet should not be applied to the neck of the reservoir. 3. The chromosome count of Peranema trichophorum is estimated to be thirty-two in number. 4. The ‘Staborgan’ is thrown out of its position during mitosis and it disintegrates in the cytoplasm. New rod-organs grow out from granules which form at the base of the new daughter cytostomes. These granules may be of mitochondrial origin. 5. A centroblepharoplast is described. No paradesmose is present. 6. A theory is suggested which supposes that an interaction between the centroblepharoplast and the endosome occurs. The centroblepharoplast acts as a kinetic attraction sphere which carries the nucleus anteriorly in order that the blepharoplasts can function as extra-nuclear division centres; thereby a co-ordinated interaction is brought about between both intranuclear kinetic elements and all of its cellular components. Such a reaction or interrelation of parts is necessary to initiate cellular division. 7. The mitochondria of Peranema were found to be spherical; these may grow into large disc-shaped types with clear centres. The latter have a tendency to group themselves round the nucleus and the reservoir. 8. The Golgi apparatus was found to be a network of long fibres. These Golgi bodies seem to be concentrated in the posterior end and round the reservoir. Neither the contractile vacuole nor the reservoir was impregnated by osmic acid methods.

Memoirs: Studies on the Shape of the Golgi Apparatus

1930 ◽  
Vol s2-73 (291) ◽  
pp. 477-506
Author(s):  
VISHWA NATH
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Nuclear Membrane ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Living Condition ◽  
Osmic Acid ◽  
Janus Green ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Excellent Work ◽  
Semi Solid

1. Observations on the living ovary. The earthworm ovary, as also that of the medicinal leech, is surprisingly favourable material for the study of the Golgi apparatus and the mitochondria in the living condition. The Golgi elements stand out very prominently in all stages of oogenesis as highly refractile spherules of a dark-greyish colour, performing a dancing movement in the cell. In the earliest oogonia situated near the septal insertion of the ovary there is a single Golgi spherule lying near the nuclear membrane. It probably divides at first into two and then into four, till in advanced oocytes there is a large number of Golgi elements distributed uniformly in the cytoplasm. The mitochondria in the earliest oogonia cannot be detected. Soon, however, they arise in the form of either a horseshoe closely fitting the nuclear membrane or a roundish mass, consisting of whitish granules, much less refractile than the Golgi elements. Gradually they spread out in the cytoplasm and perform a dancing movement. The Golgi elements and the mitochondria remain unaltered for a long time after the death of the cell. Attention is drawn to the excellent work of Foot and Strobell (1901), who described in the fresh egg of Allolobophora only two types of granules, namely, the ‘deutoplasmic’ or ‘osmiophile’ granules (Golgi elements) and the ‘archoplasmic’ or ‘yolk-nucleus’ granules (mitochondria). They have also shown only one osmiophile granule in their photographs of the earliest oogonia. 2. Observations on the living stained ovary. Neutral red and janus green B do not in any way improve the visibility of the inclusions, if indeed any improvement were desired. The Golgi elements do not at all stain with neutral red. The mitochondria may appear slightly blue with janus green. 3. Observations on fresh ovaries treated with osmic acid. The importance of this technique is greatly emphasized. After five to ten minutes' osmication the Golgi elements become copper-coloured, but they still appear solid. After half an hour's osmication they become slightly black and each element now shows very clearly a dark peripheral rim and a clear central area. The element is therefore not a solid or a semi-solid body, but a vesicle with a definite osmiophilic rim and a hollow interior. After two hours' osmication the vesicles become still blacker. 4. Experiments with the Centrifuge. The centrifuge very clearly reveals the existence of only two types of inclusions, namely, the Golgi elements and the mitochondria. There is neither yolk nor any other type of inclusion. 5. Observations on Fixed Preparations. If a Champy-fixed ovary is mounted whole, the Golgi elements appear as black granules. Within a month or so, however, they are decolorized by xylol. This proves the existence of fat inside the Golgi vesicle. In Champy-fixed sections, however, the vesicles are decolorized immediately after immersion in xylol. Kolatschev preparations demonstrate very satisfactorily the vesicular shape of the Golgi element. 6. The morphology of the Golgi apparatus in general is discussed in detail in the light of the recent work of Gatenby, Hirschler, Bowen, and others.

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