scholarly journals Memoirs: Yolk-Formation in Periplaneta Orientalis

1931 ◽  
Vol s2-74 (294) ◽  
pp. 257-274
Author(s):  
R.A. R. GRESSON
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Nuclear Membrane ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Follicle Cells ◽  
Osmic Acid ◽  
Staining Reaction ◽  
Yolk Formation ◽  
Cover Slip ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Masses

1. The Golgi vacuoles and fatty yolk-formation in Peri-planeta orientalis were studied by means of Mann-Kopsch, Kolatschev, 2 per cent, osmic acid and neutral red preparations. 2. The Golgi vacuoles of the young oocytes are situated in the vicinity of the nucleus; later they pass to the periphery of the cell. In the older oocytes, towards the posterior end of the ovarioles, they become evenly distributed in the ooplasm, store up fat, increase greatly in size, and give rise to the fatty yolkspheres. In the older oocytes they darken much more rapidly in 2 per cent, osmic acid. 3. In neutral red preparations clear non-stained vacuoles are seen to occupy similar positions to those of the dark bodies of the osmic preparations; on introducing a few drops of 2 per cent, osmic acid under the cover slip the vacuoles develop an osmophilic rim. These Golgi vacuoles are not stained by neutral red. 4. In 2 per cent, osmic acid preparations the Golgi vacuoles are seen to consist of an osmophilic rim and a central clear substance. 5. The Golgi vacuoles of the follicle-cells are similar to those of the egg, except that they do not increase greatly in size and are not so rapidly darkened in 2 per cent, osmic acid. 6. The nucleoli of the early oocytes are spherical in shape and are amphiphil or slightly basophil in staining reaction; they may contain small vacuoles. In slightly older oocytes the nucleoli are non-vacuolated; they become strongly basophil, irregular in outline, and, at the same time, give rise to emissions which pass through the nuclear membrane to the ooplasm, where they ultimately disappear. In a certain few oocytes the nucleolus was seen to have broken up into several masses, some of the latter, in all probability, fragmenting to form nucleolar extrusions. In a certain oocyte one of the masses was observed to be vacuolated before the first type of extrusion had ceased. 7. In the more highly developed oocytes the first type of nucleolar emission ceases, and the nucleolus becomes more spherical in outline. Numerous vacuoles appear which give origin to nucleolar extrusions. The latter become vacuolated, either before extrusion through the nuclear membrane, or later in the ooplasm. 8. The second type of nucleolar extrusions pass to the periphery of the egg. Later they become evenly distributed in the ooplasm, where they fragment to forin homogeneous granules. The latter form clear spheres (Kolatschev material) which rapidly increase in size to form the albuminous yolk-globules. 9. Chromatin was not observed in the oocyte nuclei, nucleoli, or nucleolar extrusions (Feulgen's technique). The chromatin of the follicle-cells is in the form of granules connected by threads (which give the chromatin reaction). The chromatin of the follicular epithelial-cells was observed as granules scattered through the nuclei. 10. Bacteroid forms were observed in the ooplasm at the periphery of the older oocytes. 11. The method of yolk-formation is similar to that of Peri-planeta americanaas described by Nath and Piare Mohan. 12. The writer's conclusions regarding the shape and character of the Golgi vacuoles agree with tne findings of Nath and his co-workers and with the former conclusions of the present writer for oocyte Golgi vacuoles.

scholarly journals Memoirs: Studies in the Origin of Yolk. VI. The Crustacean Cogenesis

1931 ◽  
Vol s2-74 (296) ◽  
pp. 669-700
Author(s):  
DES RAJ BHATIA ◽  
VISHWA NATH
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Membrane ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Yolk Granule ◽  
Yolk Formation ◽  
Rana Tigrina ◽  
Nuclear Ring ◽  
First Time ◽  
Vacuolar System ◽  
Peripheral Regions

Palaemon lamarrei 1. In the oogonia there are no granules which can be assigned to the category of mitochondria. They appear for the first time in young oocytes in the form of a juxta-nuclear heap of granules or in the form of a horseshoe closely embracing the nuclear membrane. Soon they arrange themselves in the form of a circum-nuclear ring which gradually expands towards the periphery of the oocyte without breaking away from the nuclear membrane. At the same time the marginal mitochondria of the ring grow in size till ultimately they give rise to albuminous yolk, which therefore appears for the first time in the peripheral regions of the cytoplasm (cf. Oniscus, King, 1926, and Rana tigrina, Nath, 1931). 2. A yolk-forming mitochondrium first swells up; but it is still poorly fixed and stained with Bouin-haematoxylin, like the unchanged mitochondria. The process of growth continues and the swelling mitochondria now show an internal differentiation in the form of minute granules or very small vacuoles. Such mitochondria are only slightly better fixed and stained with Bouin-haematoxylin. Gradually they are completely shorn of their lipoidal constituents, condensing at the same time more and more of protein material. Ultimately they give rise to albuminous yolk, sensu stricto, which is fixed and stained excellently in Bouin-haematoxylin. 3. In the earliest oocytes the nucleolus throws out into the cytoplasm deeply basophil pieces which are more or less uniformly dispersed. Soon they disappear. Hereafter the nucleolar extrusions are very minute, but they remain restricted to the perinuclear region. They never wander into the general cytoplasm or at least into its peripheral regions where protein yolk appears for the first time. A direct origin of the yolk granule from the extrusion must, therefore, be ruled out. But the possibility of the extrusions going into solution and thus indirectly contributing towards yolk cannot be eliminated. 4. Although the mitochondria can be easily observed in the fresh cover-slip preparations of young oocytes, the Golgi elements cannot be demonstrated unless the material is osmicated for at least twenty-two hours. Chemically the Golgi elements are lipoidal (fat-like). They are not stainable with neutral red. 5. In the oogonia and the earliest oocytes the Golgi elements exist in the form of vesicles, each vesicle showing a thick osmiophilic cortex and a central osmiophobic area. 6. During oogenesis many vesicles grow enormously in size, store up neutral fats inside them, and give rise to the fatty yolk as in Lithobius, spider, Otostigmus, Luciola, cockroach, Dysdercus, and Ophiocephalus (Nath, and Nath and collaborators), in Oniscus (King), in saw-flies (Gresson), and in Helix (Brambell). 7. The vacuolar system is absent in the prawn and also in the crab. Paratalphusa spinigera. 8. The Golgi elements of the crab behave exactly like those of the prawn, but the mitochondria, on the other hand, remain inactive and have no visible relationship with yolk formation. 9. In the crab also there are well-marked nucleolar extrusions. As in the prawn a prominent circum-nuclear ring of these granules is established early in oogenesis. But, unlike the prawn, granules from this ring continue to wander into the cytoplasm at the periphery of which they directly grow into the albuminous yolk.

Memoirs: Studies on the Shape of the Golgi Apparatus

1930 ◽  
Vol s2-73 (291) ◽  
pp. 477-506
Author(s):  
VISHWA NATH
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Nuclear Membrane ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Living Condition ◽  
Osmic Acid ◽  
Janus Green ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Excellent Work ◽  
Semi Solid

1. Observations on the living ovary. The earthworm ovary, as also that of the medicinal leech, is surprisingly favourable material for the study of the Golgi apparatus and the mitochondria in the living condition. The Golgi elements stand out very prominently in all stages of oogenesis as highly refractile spherules of a dark-greyish colour, performing a dancing movement in the cell. In the earliest oogonia situated near the septal insertion of the ovary there is a single Golgi spherule lying near the nuclear membrane. It probably divides at first into two and then into four, till in advanced oocytes there is a large number of Golgi elements distributed uniformly in the cytoplasm. The mitochondria in the earliest oogonia cannot be detected. Soon, however, they arise in the form of either a horseshoe closely fitting the nuclear membrane or a roundish mass, consisting of whitish granules, much less refractile than the Golgi elements. Gradually they spread out in the cytoplasm and perform a dancing movement. The Golgi elements and the mitochondria remain unaltered for a long time after the death of the cell. Attention is drawn to the excellent work of Foot and Strobell (1901), who described in the fresh egg of Allolobophora only two types of granules, namely, the ‘deutoplasmic’ or ‘osmiophile’ granules (Golgi elements) and the ‘archoplasmic’ or ‘yolk-nucleus’ granules (mitochondria). They have also shown only one osmiophile granule in their photographs of the earliest oogonia. 2. Observations on the living stained ovary. Neutral red and janus green B do not in any way improve the visibility of the inclusions, if indeed any improvement were desired. The Golgi elements do not at all stain with neutral red. The mitochondria may appear slightly blue with janus green. 3. Observations on fresh ovaries treated with osmic acid. The importance of this technique is greatly emphasized. After five to ten minutes' osmication the Golgi elements become copper-coloured, but they still appear solid. After half an hour's osmication they become slightly black and each element now shows very clearly a dark peripheral rim and a clear central area. The element is therefore not a solid or a semi-solid body, but a vesicle with a definite osmiophilic rim and a hollow interior. After two hours' osmication the vesicles become still blacker. 4. Experiments with the Centrifuge. The centrifuge very clearly reveals the existence of only two types of inclusions, namely, the Golgi elements and the mitochondria. There is neither yolk nor any other type of inclusion. 5. Observations on Fixed Preparations. If a Champy-fixed ovary is mounted whole, the Golgi elements appear as black granules. Within a month or so, however, they are decolorized by xylol. This proves the existence of fat inside the Golgi vesicle. In Champy-fixed sections, however, the vesicles are decolorized immediately after immersion in xylol. Kolatschev preparations demonstrate very satisfactorily the vesicular shape of the Golgi element. 6. The morphology of the Golgi apparatus in general is discussed in detail in the light of the recent work of Gatenby, Hirschler, Bowen, and others.

An electron microscopic study of vitellogenesis and egg membrane formation in Lytta nuttalli Say (ColeopterarMeloidae)

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 651-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Sweeny ◽  
N. S. Church ◽  
J. G. Rempel ◽  
Wendy Frith
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Follicle Cells ◽  
Vitelline Membrane ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Yolk Formation ◽  
Membrane Formation ◽  
Electron Dense Material ◽  
Egg Membrane ◽  
Pass Through

Vitellogenesis and egg membrane formation in the terminal ovarian follicles of Lytta nuttatii were investigated by electron microscopy. Three kinds of yolk globules are produced. They apparently are composed predominantly of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, respectively. The "carbohydrate" and "lipid" yolk are assembled in the ooplasm, the former by rough endoplasmic reticulum and the latter by Golgi complexes. Their production begins early in oogenesis. "Proteid" yolk formation begins somewhat later. The "proteid" yolk globules evidently are formed from exfraovarian materials that pass through large spaces that develop between the follicular epithelial cells, then through the oocyte plasma membrane by pinocytosis. Fairly late in development, glycogen granules appear in the inner ooplasm. In the nearly fully grown follicle, the "membranous system" of the vitelline membrane is elaborated. It probably is formed largely from an electron-dense material of undetermined origin that accumulates outside the bases of the oocyte plasma membrane microvilli. Immediately after completion of the vitelline membrane, the chorion is laid down, presumably from dense globules of material produced by Golgi complexes in the follicle cells.

Memoirs: Studies in the Origin of Yolk. I. Oogenesis of the Spider, Crossopriza Lyoni (Blackwall)

1928 ◽  
Vol s2-72 (286) ◽  
pp. 277-300
Author(s):  
VISHWA NATH
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Red ◽  
Metallic Silver ◽  
Osmic Acid ◽  
Routine Laboratory ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Mitochondrial Mass ◽  
Janus Green ◽  
Cover Slip ◽  
Nuclear Ring ◽  
Yolk Nucleus

1. The oogenesis of the spider Crossopriza has been worked out by fresh cover-slip preparations stained with neutral red and Janus green B or kept in 2 per cent, osmic acid from ten minutes to half an hour. Routine laboratory methods have also been used. 2. Treatment with 2 per cent. osmic acid for the period mentioned above does not introduce any artifacts. 3. In the youngest oocyte the Golgi elements are in the form of vacuoles containing a watery and non-fatty fluid, and are embedded in the mitochondrial mass. 4. The solid granular Golgi elements are artifacts produced by the excessive precipitation of metallic silver or osmium inside the vacuoles. 5. The crescent-shaped Golgi elements are also artifacts produced possibly by the incomplete blackening of vacuoles. More probably, however, the crescents are the optical sections of the vacuoles. 6. A process of growth and deposition of fat not miscible with the general cytoplasm inside the Golgi vacuoles gives rise to the fatty yolk-vacuoles. 7. The mitochondria are granular and form a horse-shoe-shaped cap on one side of the nucleus of the youngest oocyte. The cap gradually grows into a complete circum-nuclear ring. The ring breaks up, and ultimately the mitochondria are distributed uniformly throughout the cytoplasm. 8. There are no nucleolar extrusions. The albuminous yolk arises independently in the cytoplasm. 9. Experiments with the centrifuge have been performed. 10. The earlier literature on the origin of fatty yolk has been reviewed. 11. There is no structure in the egg of Crossopriza comparable to the ‘yolk-nucleus’ of the spider Tegenaria described by earlier writers.

RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMIC MASSES: IMPROVEMENT BY COMPLEX MATERIAL ACTIVATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-351
Author(s):  
A. S. Mavlyanov ◽  
E. K. Sardarbekova
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sensitivity Coefficient ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Clay Material ◽  
Fibrous Materials ◽  
Chemical Production ◽  
Production Wastes ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Masses

Introduction. The objective of the research is to study the effect of the complex activation of the alumina raw material on the rheological properties of the ceramic mass. In addition, the authors investigate solutions for the application of optimal coagulation structures based on loams and ash together with plastic certificates.Materials and methods. The authors used the local forest like reserves of clay loams at the BashKarasu, ash fields of the Bishkek Central Heating Centre (BTEC) and plasticizer (sodium naphthenate obtained from alkaline chemical production wastes) as fibrous materials. Moreover, the authors defined technological properties of raw materials within standard laboratory methodology in accordance with current GOSTs.Results. The researchers tested plastic durability on variously prepared masses for the choice of optimal structures. The paper demonstrated the plastic durability of complexly activated compounds comparing with non-activated and mechanically activated compounds. The sensitivity coefficient increased the amount of clay loams by mechanically and complexly activated, which predetermined the possibility of intensifying the process of drying samples based on complexly activated masses.Discussion and conclusions. However, mechanical activation of clay material reduces the period of relaxation and increases the elasticity coefficient of ceramic masses by 1.8–3.4 times, meanwhile decreases elasticity, viscosity and the conventional power during molding, which generally worsens the molding properties of the masses. Сomplex activation of ash-clay material decreases the period of relaxation and provides an increase in elasticity, plasticity of ceramic masses by 46–47%, reduction in viscosity by 1.5–2 times, conventional power on molding by 37–122% in comparison with MA clay loams. Ceramic masses based on spacecraft alumina raw materials belong to the SMT with improved rheological properties; products based on them pass through the mouthpiece for 5–7 seconds.

Stromal cell and human prostatic epithelial cell in-vitro co-coltures: Growth and morphology

1996 ◽  
Vol 63 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 65-68
Author(s):  
S. De Angeli ◽  
A. Fandella ◽  
C. Gatto ◽  
S. Buoro ◽  
C. Favretti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Stromal Cell ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Cellular Growth ◽  
Murine Fibroblasts ◽  
Prostatic Epithelial Cell

A study was carried out on the effect of stroma-epithelium interaction on cellular growth and morphology in co-coltures of U285 prostatic epithelial cells with human prostatic and esophageal stromal cells and with murine fibroblasts of the 3T3-J2 line. The proliferation rate was determined by growth tests of neutral red and kenacid blue. Morphological observations were made under optical microscope on the same cultures used for the growth tests. Results highlighted a marked reduction in cellular growth in the co-cultures compared to control cultures, as well as the tendency of the stromal and epithelial cells to re-organise themselves in pseudo-acinous structures.

Intranuclear Lipids in the Early Oocytes of Heteropneustes Fossilis (Teleostei)

1963 ◽  
Vol s3-104 (65) ◽  
pp. 69-73
Author(s):  
B. R. SESHACHAR ◽  
R. P. NAYYAR
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Membrane ◽  
Lipid Bodies ◽  
Heteropneustes Fossilis ◽  
Yolk Formation

Purely lipid bodies have been encountered inside the nucleus of early oocytes of Heteropneustes fossilis. These are mixtures of phospholipids and triglycerides. They occur independently of the nucleoli. With the growth of oocyte they increase in size and number and move towards the nuclear membrane. During later stages they diffuse out into the cytoplasm presumably to take part in yolk formation.

Memoirs: On the Relation of the Mitochondria and Golgi Apparatus to Yolk-Formation in the Egg-Cells of the Common Earthworm, Lumbricus Terrestris

1925 ◽  
Vol s2-69 (274) ◽  
pp. 291-316
Author(s):  
LESLIE A. HARVEY
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Nuclear Membrane ◽  
Lumbricus Terrestris ◽  
Yolk Formation ◽  
Central Mass ◽  
The Common ◽  
Yolk Nucleus ◽  
Earthworm Lumbricus

1. The yolk-nucleus is merely a mass of mitochondria. 2. The mitochondria arise as a cap of threads over the nucleus, and this cap grows in size and density, migrates away from the nuclear membrane and breaks up into its component mitochondrial threads. These threads become evenly spread throughout the cytoplasm of the cell. 3. The mitochondria are not clearly defined in the very young oogonia. 4. The Golgi apparatus consists of numbers of Golgi elements lying separate in the cytoplasm. There is never any attempt at concentration of these elements round one central mass. 5. The Golgi elements are probably little platelets or spheroids somewhat resembling blood corpuscles in shape. They are not rods. As fixed by Da Fano technique, each element is a little plate with a very lightly impregnating centre and a very heavily impregnating rim. 6. The Golgi elements may probably arise from the cytoplasm. 7. The nucleus contains two nucleoli; an early arising karyosome, homogeneous and solid in structure, and a plasmo some arising later This plasmosome is liquid in consistency and contains an argentophil core. The karyosome disappears before the oocyte is half grown, but the plasmosome remains in the nucleus while the egg remains in the ovary. 8. No visible nucleolar extrusions into the cytoplasm were observed. 9. Yolk probably arises from the cytoplasm; no direct metamorphosis of either mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, or nucleolus into yolk was observed.

Fertilisation in the Rabbit

1932 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-408
Author(s):  
G. PINCUS ◽  
E. V. ENZMANN
Keyword(s):  
Zona Pellucida ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Polar Body ◽  
Follicle Cells ◽  
Fallopian Tubes ◽  
Sperm Penetration ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Second Polar Body

The series of events occurring in the Fallopian tubes of rabbit does mated to fertile bucks may be summarised as follows: The ova liberated from the ovaries and surrounded by the follicle cells become massed together. Sperm penetrate the massed follicle cells, which fall away as the sperm pass through them. At from 1½-3 hours after ovulation the spermatozoa reach the egg. A number of spermatozoa pass through the zona pellucida, but only one, apparently, enters the egg. At the time of sperm penetration the egg shrinks slightly but definitely. The second polar body is given off 45 min. or longer after sperm penetration. The pronuclei are formed after the formation of the second polar body and, at the earliest, 3 hours after ovulation. The critical period for sperm penetration appears to occur at 2-3 hours after ovulation (cf. Pincus,1930).

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