Natural dehydration regimes as a prerequisite for the successful induction of anhydrobiosis in the nematode Rotylenchulus reniformis

1989 ◽  
Vol 143 (1) ◽  
pp. 359-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Womersley ◽  
C. Ching
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Adaptive Significance ◽  
Moisture Loss ◽  
Rotylenchulus Reniformis ◽  
Severe Dehydration ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Natural Rate ◽  
Direct Exposure ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Successful Induction

Induction of anhydrobiosis in the nematode Rotylenchulus reniformis (Linford & Oliveira) was studied using direct exposure to elevated relative humidities and conditions resembling natural dehydration regimes. All larvae and preadults were unable to survive direct short-term exposure to 97% relative humidity. However, dehydration of larvae on model substrates (0.5% agar: 1.0% agarose) that mimic the natural rate of soil moisture loss induced coiling and successful entry into anhydrobiosis. Coiling was maximized at 10–12 days and only coiled larvae survived dehydration, emerging as the preadult form. Larvae could withstand severe dehydration at 80 and 40% relative humidity after the induction of coiling, but were unable to withstand direct exposure to 0% relative humidity. The levels of adaptation utilized by anhydrobiotes to ensure slow dehydration and the adaptive significance of this are discussed in relation to the different environments in which these organisms are found. The results suggest that R. reniformis is well-adapted to its environment and emphasize the importance of natural dehydration regimes for assessing anhydrobiotic potential.

scholarly journals Replacement of Postharvest Moisture Loss by Recharging and Its Effect on Subsequent Moisture Loss during Short-term Storage of Carrots (Daucus carota L.)

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 488D-488
Author(s):  
M.K. Upadhyaya ◽  
S.I. Shibairo ◽  
P.M.A. Toivonen
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Moisture Loss ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Daucus Carota L ◽  
Short Term Storage ◽  
Subsequent Storage ◽  
Water Treatments ◽  
Term Storage

The replacement of postharvest moisture loss in carrots (cv. Caro-choice) by single and repeated recharging (i.e., rehydration in water) treatments, interaction between the duration of recharging and temperature during recharging, and the effects of these treatments on moisture loss during subsequent short-term storage were studied. Carrot weight gain increased with increase in the duration of single recharging treatments. Carrots that had lost 2.96% of their weight, during storage at 13°C and 35% relative humidity, regained as much as 2.45% of the weight during recharging for 12 h. Longer rechargings had little additional effect. Recharging at 13°C and 26°C was more effective at replacing water than at 0°C. The rate of moisture loss (%/day) during subsequent storage was not affected by recharging duration and the temperature. With repeated recharging (every 3.5 d), increase in recharging duration up to 9 h increased carrot weight gain. Most of the weight gain occurred following 0 to 7 d of storage. These treatments, however, did not affect the rate of moisture loss during subsequent storage. These results suggest that the beneficial effect of recharging on carrot quality is due to replacement of the lost moisture and not to a decrease in moisture loss during storage following recharging. It is suggested that recharging be explored as an option to improve the shelf life of carrots.

scholarly journals Association of Short-Term Exposure to Meteorological Factors and Risk of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (21) ◽  
pp. 8017
Author(s):  
Zhihui Liu ◽  
Yongna Meng ◽  
Hao Xiang ◽  
Yuanan Lu ◽  
Suyang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Meteorological Factors ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Lag Model

(1) Background: Inconsistencies were observed in studies on the relationship between short-term exposure to meteorological factors and the risk of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). This systematic review and meta-analysis was aimed to assess the overall effects of meteorological factors on the incidence of HFMD to help clarify these inconsistencies and serve as a piece of evidence for policy makers to determine relevant risk factors. (2) Methods: Articles published as of 24 October 2020, were searched in the four databases, namely, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and MEDLINE. We applied a meta-analysis to assess the impact of ambient temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, wind speed, and sunshine duration on the incidence of HFMD. We conducted subgroup analyses by exposure metrics, exposure time resolution, regional climate, national income level, gender, and age as a way to seek the source of heterogeneity. (3) Results: Screening by the given inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 28 studies were included in the analysis. We observed that the incidence of HFMD based on the single-day lag model is significantly associated with ambient temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, and wind speed. In the cumulative lag model, ambient temperature and relative humidity significantly increased the incidence of HFMD as well. Subgroup analysis showed that extremely high temperature and relative humidity significantly increased the risk of HFMD. Temperate regions, high-income countries, and children under five years old are major risk factors for HFMD. (4) Conclusions: Our results suggest that various meteorological factors can increase the incidence of HFMD. Therefore, the general public, especially susceptible populations, should pay close attention to weather changes and take protective measures in advance.

scholarly journals Effects of short-term exposure to ambient airborne pollutants on COPD-related mortality among the elderly residents of Chengdu city in Southwest China

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianyu Chen ◽  
Chunli Shi ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Hongzhen Ni ◽  
Jie Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Sichuan Basin ◽  
Southwestern China ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Airborne Pollutants ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Central Sichuan Basin ◽  
Related Mortality

Abstract Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has become a severe global burden in terms of both health and the economy. Few studies, however, have thoroughly assessed the influence of air pollution on COPD-related mortality among elderly people in developing areas in the hinterland of southwestern China. This study is the first to examine the association between short-term exposure to ambient airborne pollutants and COPD-related mortality among elderly people in the central Sichuan Basin of southwestern China. Methods Data on COPD-related mortality among elderly people aged 60 and older were obtained from the Population Death Information Registration and Management System (PDIRMS). Data on airborne pollutants comprised of particulate matter < 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3) were derived from 23 municipal environmental monitoring sites. Data on weather conditions, including daily mean temperature and relative humidity, were obtained from the Chengdu Meteorological Bureau. All data were collected from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2018. A quasi-Poisson general additive model (GAM) was utilized to assess the effects of short-term exposure to airborne pollutants on COPD-related mortality among elderly people. Results A total of 61,058 COPD-related deaths of people aged 60 and older were obtained. Controlling the influences of daily temperature and relative humidity, interquartile range (IQR) concentration increases of PM2.5 (43 μg/m3), SO2 (8 μg/m3), NO2 (18 μg/m3), CO (0.4 mg/m3), and O3 (78 μg/m3) were associated with 2.7% (95% CI 1.0–4.4%), 4.3% (95% CI 2.1–6.4%), 3.6% (95% CI 1.7–5.6%), 2.7% (95% CI 0.6–4.8%), and 7.4% (95% CI 3.6–11.3%) increases in COPD-related mortality in people aged 60 and older, respectively. The exposure-response curves between each pollutant and the log-relative risk of COPD-related mortality exhibited linear relationships. Statistically significant differences in the associations between pollutants and COPD-related mortality were not observed among sociodemographic factors including age, gender, and marital status. The effects of O3 remained steady after adjusting for PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and CO each time in the two-pollutant models. Conclusions Increased concentrations of ambient airborne pollutants composed of PM2.5, SO2, NO2, O3, and CO were significantly and positively associated with COPD-related mortality in the central Sichuan Basin, which is located in the hinterland of southwestern China. The adverse effects of O3 were stable, a finding that should receive more attention.

scholarly journals Replacement of Postharvest Moisture Loss by Recharging and Its Effect on Subsequent Moisture Loss during Short-term Storage of Carrots

1998 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solomon I. Shibairo ◽  
Mahesh K. Upadhyaya ◽  
Peter M.A. Toivonen
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Daucus Carota ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
Moisture Loss ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Storage ◽  
Subsequent Storage ◽  
Water Treatments ◽  
Term Storage

Replacing postharvest moisture loss in carrots (Daucus carota L., `Caro-choice') by single and repeated recharging (rehydration in water) treatments, interaction between the duration of recharging and temperature during recharging, and the effects of these treatments on moisture loss during subsequent short-term storage were studied. Carrot mass gain increased with increase in duration of single recharging treatments. Carrots that had lost 2.96% of their mass during storage at 13 °C and 35% relative humidity regained as much as 83% of the mass during recharging for 12 hours. Longer rechargings had little additional effect. Recharging at 13 °C and 26 °C was more effective at replacing water than at 0 °C. The rate of moisture loss (percent per day) during subsequent storage was not affected by recharging duration and temperature during recharging. With repeated recharging every 3.5 days, increase in recharging duration up to 9 hours increased carrot mass gain. Most of the mass gain occurred following 0 to 7 days of storage. These treatments, however, did not affect the rate of moisture loss during subsequent storage. These results suggest that the beneficial effect of recharging on carrot quality is due to replacement of the lost moisture and not to a decrease in moisture loss during storage following recharging. Abrading increased mass loss in non-recharged carrots and increased mass gain during recharging. Recharging should be explored as an option to improve the shelf life of carrots.

Verification of applicability of weathering steel based on long-term exposure tests in Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinichi Miura ◽  
Dang Dang Tung ◽  
Eiji Iwasaki
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Corrosion Behaviour ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Relative Humidity ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Weathering Steel ◽  
Life Cycle Costs ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Exposure

<p>Under the appropriate corrosion environment, weathering steel does not require paint, so it has reduced life cycle costs when compared to conventional steel. The applicability of weathering steel has been systematically investigated in countries like Japan and the United States of America. However, in Vietnam, the influence of environmental factors on corrosion behaviour and the applicability of weathering steel has been evaluated by short-term exposure tests. In this study, we performed long-term exposure tests in Vietnam to clarify the time-dependent changes of corrosion behaviour and to verify the applicability of weathering steel. The time-dependent changes of corrosion loss were dependent on the corrosion environment. The corrosion rate greatly increased in areas with high relative humidity. Weathering steel is applicable in various regions in Vietnam, but it should be applied carefully in areas with high relative humidity.</p>

scholarly journals Effects of Short-term Exposure to Ambient Airborne Pollutants on COPD-related Mortality Among the Elderly Residents of Chengdu City in Southwest China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianyu Chen ◽  
Chunli Shi ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Hongzhen Ni ◽  
Jie Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Sichuan Basin ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Airborne Pollutants ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Central Sichuan Basin ◽  
Related Mortality

Abstract Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has become a severe global burden in terms of both health and the economy. Few studies, however, have thoroughly assessed the influence of air pollution on COPD-related mortality among elderly people in higher elevation areas. This study is the first to examine the association between short-term exposure to ambient airborne pollutants and COPD-related mortality among elderly people in the central Sichuan Basin of southwestern China.Methods: Data on COPD-related mortality among elderly people aged 60 and older were obtained from the Population Death Information Registration and Management System (PDIRMS). Data on airborne pollutants comprised of particulate matter < 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3) were derived from 23 municipal environmental monitoring sites. Data on weather conditions, including daily mean temperature and relative humidity, were obtained from the Chengdu Meteorological Bureau. All data were collected from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2018. A quasi-Poisson general additive model (GAM) was utilized to assess the effects of short-term exposure to airborne pollutants on COPD-related mortality among elderly people.Results: A total of 61,058 COPD-related deaths of people aged 60 and older were obtained. Controlling the influences of daily temperature and relative humidity, interquartile range (IQR) concentration increases of PM2.5 (43 µg/m3), SO2 (8 µg/m3), NO2 (18 µg/m3), CO (0.4 mg/m3), and O3 (78 µg/m3) were associated with 1.9%, 3.4%, 2.7%, 2.5%, and 3.8% increases in COPD-related mortality in people aged 60 and older, respectively. The exposure-response curves between each pollutant and the log-relative risk of COPD-related mortality exhibited linear relationships. Statistically significant associations between COPD-related mortality and pollutants in the 60–69 age group were not observed but were observed in the ≥ 90 age group, with the exception of CO. Correspondingly, statistically significant associations between COPD-related mortality and PM2.5 were only observed in the ≥ 90 age group. Statistically significant differencesin the associations between pollutants and COPD-related mortality were not observed between males and females or between married individuals and those with alternative marital statuses (widowed, divorced, or never married).The effects of O3 remained steady after adjusting for PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and CO each time in the two-pollutantmodels.Conclusions: Increased concentrations of ambient airborne pollutants composed of PM2.5, SO2, NO2, O3, and CO were significantly and positively associated with COPD-related mortality in the central Sichuan Basin of southwestern China, which has an elevation of 500 meters. Susceptibilities to COPD-related mortality associated with ambient airborne pollutants may increase with age. The adverse effects of O3 were stable, a finding that should receive more attention.

The Effect of Dimethyl Sulfoxide on In Vitro Platelet Function

1976 ◽  
Vol 36 (01) ◽  
pp. 221-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles A. Schiffer ◽  
Caroline L. Whitaker ◽  
Morton Schmukler ◽  
Joseph Aisner ◽  
Steven L. Hilbert
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfoxide ◽  
Platelet Function ◽  
Platelet Volume ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Platelet Factor ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Structural Abnormalities

SummaryAlthough dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has been used extensively as a cryopreservative for platelets there are few studies dealing with the effect of DMSO on platelet function. Using techniques similar to those employed in platelet cryopreservation platelets were incubated with final concentrations of 2-10% DMSO at 25° C. After exposure to 5 and 10% DMSO platelets remained discoid and electron micrographs revealed no structural abnormalities. There was no significant change in platelet count. In terms of injury to platelet membranes, there was no increased availability of platelet factor-3 or leakage of nucleotides, 5 hydroxytryptamine (5HT) or glycosidases with final DMSO concentrations of 2.5, 5 and 10% DMSO. Thrombin stimulated nucleotide and 5HT release was reduced by 10% DMSO. Impairment of thrombin induced glycosidase release was noted at lower DMSO concentrations and was dose related. Similarly, aggregation to ADP was progressively impaired at DMSO concentrations from 1-5% and was dose related. After the platelets exposed to DMSO were washed, however, aggregation and release returned to control values. Platelet aggregation by epinephrine was also inhibited by DMSO and this could not be corrected by washing the platelets. DMSO-plasma solutions are hypertonic but only minimal increases in platelet volume (at 10% DMSO) could be detected. Shrinkage of platelets was seen with hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride or sucrose suggesting that the rapid transmembrane passage of DMSO prevented significant shifts of water. These studies demonstrate that there are minimal irreversible alterations in in vitro platelet function after short-term exposure to DMSO.

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