The wind-evoked escape behavior of the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus: integration of behavioral elements

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (9) ◽  
pp. 1895-1907 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Tauber ◽  
J Camhi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Escape Behavior ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Gryllus Bimaculatus ◽  
High Speed Video ◽  
Co Activation

The wind-evoked escape behavior of freely ranging crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) was studied using high-speed video and film analysis. The escape response can be of three types: a turn, a jump or a turn + jump. Any of these can be followed by running. The turn is similar to that of the cockroach, in terms of the details of body and leg movements. A jump occurs only when the cricket has its back to the wind, either because the stimulus came approximately from behind or because the cricket had first turned away from the wind and then jumped. The jump, like that of locust, requires some form of energy storage and quick release to obtain the necessary power. Locusts use long-term co-activation of antagonistic leg motor neurons to produce mechanical energy storage. By contrast, crickets do not appear to co-activate antagonistic leg motor neurons. Possible alternative energy storage and release mechanisms are discussed.

scholarly journals The Cross-Bridge Spring: Can Cool Muscles Store Elastic Energy?

Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 340 (6137) ◽  
pp. 1217-1220 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. T. George ◽  
T. C. Irving ◽  
C. D. Williams ◽  
T. L. Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Elastic Energy ◽  
Molecular Motors ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Elastic Strain Energy ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cross Bridge ◽  
Cross Bridges

Muscles not only generate force. They may act as springs, providing energy storage to drive locomotion. Although extensible myofilaments are implicated as sites of energy storage, we show that intramuscular temperature gradients may enable molecular motors (cross-bridges) to store elastic strain energy. By using time-resolved small-angle x-ray diffraction paired with in situ measurements of mechanical energy exchange in flight muscles of Manduca sexta, we produced high-speed movies of x-ray equatorial reflections, indicating cross-bridge association with myofilaments. A temperature gradient within the flight muscle leads to lower cross-bridge cycling in the cooler regions. Those cross-bridges could elastically return energy at the extrema of muscle lengthening and shortening, helping drive cyclic wing motions. These results suggest that cross-bridges can perform functions other than contraction, acting as molecular links for elastic energy storage.

scholarly journals Analysis of continuously variable transmission for flywheel energy storage systems in vehicular application

2014 ◽  
Vol 229 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditya Dhand ◽  
Keith Pullen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Continuously Variable Transmission ◽  
Speed Ratio ◽  
Flywheel Energy Storage ◽  
Energy Storage Devices ◽  
Variable Transmission

Energy storage devices are an essential part of hybrid and electric vehicles. The most commonly used ones are batteries, ultra capacitors and high speed flywheels. Among these, the flywheel is the only device that keeps the energy stored in the same form as the moving vehicle, i.e. mechanical energy. In order to connect the flywheel with the vehicle drive line, a suitable means is needed which would allow the flywheel to vary its speed continuously, in other words a continuously variable transmission (CVT) is needed. To improve the efficiency and speed ratio range of the variators, a power spilt CVT (PSCVT) can be employed. This paper discusses the kinematics of PSCVT used to connect the flywheel to the driveline. A methodology describing the characteristic equations of speed ratio, power flow and efficiency of the PSCVT for various types including power recirculating and multi regime in both directions of power flow has been presented. An example of a PSCVT for a flywheel energy storage system (FESS) is computed using the derived equations and the results compared.

Carbon Super-Springs

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (03) ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
Carol Livermore
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Low Leakage ◽  
Test Models ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Ideal System ◽  
Single Walled Cnts

This article highlights the advantages of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and their high potential in the mechanical engineering fields. It also demonstrates comparison between a CNT and normal spring use. Carbon nanotubes have the potential to store a thousand times more mechanical energy, pound for pound, than steel springs. Lab results point to a day when nanotube-powered bikes and lawn equipment could become practical. The test models have made it clear that from an energy storage standpoint, the ideal system would be composed of large numbers of long, small-diameter, single-walled CNTs arranged in well-ordered groupings and loaded in tension. The results point up the need for more work to be done to understand how interactions among carbon nanotubes can both enhance and limit the performance of CNT springs. Applications requiring long-term, low-leakage energy storage are good candidates for CNT-based elastic energy storage technology.

APPLICATION OF THE EARLY DAMAGE DIAGNOSTICS TECHNIQUE TO EXAMINATION OF THE AVIATION PANEL

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
pp. 53-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. E. Vasil’ev ◽  
Yu. G. Matvienko ◽  
A. V. Pankov ◽  
A. G. Kalinin
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Emission ◽  
Damage Detection ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Video Data ◽  
High Speed Video ◽  
Damage Diagnostics ◽  
Subsurface Defect ◽  
Sensitive Coating ◽  
Early Damage

The results of using early damage diagnostics technique (developed in the Mechanical Engineering Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IMASH RAN) for detecting the latent damage of an aviation panel made of composite material upon bench tensile tests are presented. We have assessed the capabilities of the developed technique and software regarding damage detection at the early stage of panel loading in conditions of elastic strain of the material using brittle strain-sensitive coating and simultaneous crack detection in the coating with a high-speed video camera “Video-print” and acoustic emission system “A-Line 32D.” When revealing a subsurface defect (a notch of the middle stringer) of the aviation panel, the general concept of damage detection at the early stage of loading in conditions of elastic behavior of the material was also tested in the course of the experiment, as well as the software specially developed for cluster analysis and classification of detected location pulses along with the equipment and software for simultaneous recording of video data flows and arrays of acoustic emission (AE) data. Synchronous recording of video images and AE pulses ensured precise control of the cracking process in the brittle strain-sensitive coating (tensocoating)at all stages of the experiment, whereas the use of structural-phenomenological approach kept track of the main trends in damage accumulation at different structural levels and identify the sources of their origin when classifying recorded AE data arrays. The combined use of oxide tensocoatings and high-speed video recording synchronized with the AE control system, provide the possibility of definite determination of the subsurface defect, reveal the maximum principal strains in the area of crack formation, quantify them and identify the main sources of AE signals upon monitoring the state of the aviation panel under loading P = 90 kN, which is about 12% of the critical load.

Saskatchewan Highways and Transportation Reduced Tire Pressure Initiative

1997 ◽  
Vol 1589 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas L. Davies ◽  
Tami F. Wall ◽  
Allan Carpentier
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Vehicle Stability ◽  
Road Maintenance ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Tire Pressure ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Short And Long Term

After examination of the research carried out by other agencies, Saskatchewan Highways and Transportation (SHT) embarked on an initiative to adapt low tire pressure technologies to the province's needs and environment. The focus of the initiative was to explore several technical questions from SHT's perspective: (a) Can low tire pressures be used to increase truck weights from secondary to primary without increasing road maintenance costs on thin membrane surface roads? (b) What are the short- and long-term effects of tire heating under high-speed/high-deflection constant reduced pressure (CRP) operations in a Saskatchewan environment? (c) What effects do lower tire pressures have on vehicle stability at highway speeds? To date, significant opportunities have been noted on local hauls (less than 30 min loaded at highway speeds) for CRP operation and long primary highway hauls that begin or end in relatively short secondary highway sections that limit vehicle weight allowed for the whole trip for central tire inflation technology. The background and environment for the initiative and the investigations and demonstrations envisioned and undertaken are briefly outlined.

Interpenetrating Gels as Conducting/Adhering Matrices Enabling High-Performance Silicon Anodes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Xia ◽  
Chengfei Xu ◽  
Pengfei Dai ◽  
Xiaoyun Li ◽  
Riming Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Electrochemical Energy Storage ◽  
Active Materials ◽  
Silicon Anodes ◽  
Weak Binding ◽  
Binding Forces

Three-dimensional (3D) conductive polymers are promising conductive matrices for electrode materials toward electrochemical energy storage. However, their fragile nature and weak binding forces with active materials could not guarantee long-term...

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