Nitrogen metabolism and excretion in the mangrove killifish Rivulus marmoratus I. The influence of environmental salinity and external ammonia

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. T. Frick ◽  
P. A. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Diurnal Pattern ◽  
Field Site ◽  
Rivulus Marmoratus ◽  
Water Gradient ◽  
Mangrove Killifish

SUMMARY At a field site in Belize, mangrove killifish Rivulus marmoratus inhabit hypersaline waters (up to 48 ‰) containing approximately 1 mmol l–1 ammonia. We tested the hypotheses that R. marmoratus modify their nitrogen metabolism and excretion (i) by accumulating free amino acids (FAAs) and urea in the tissues during hyperosmotic stress and (ii) by shifting to ureotelism and accumulating FAAs during hyperammonia stress. Urea excretion (JUrea) (but not ammonia excretion, JAmm) displayed a diurnal pattern, with significantly less (75 %) urea excreted at night than during the day in both laboratory-reared clones and wild-caught killifish. When fish were exposed to hypersaline conditions (45 ‰ sea water), JUrea was significantly reduced and tissue urea and FAA levels were elevated compared with those of control fish (15 ‰ sea water). When R. marmoratus were exposed to 0, 1, 2, 5 and 10 mmol l–1 NH4Cl (pH 8) for 48 h, no differences were found in JUrea. Remarkably, prolonged exposure (10 days) to 5 mmol l–1 NH4Cl (pH 8) did not result in an elevation of tissue ammonia levels. In addition, tissue urea and total FAA levels did not differ between control and ammonia-exposed fish after ⩾4 days. We propose that the euryhaline R. marmoratus retain urea and FAAs within their tissues in response to extreme osmotic stress. In contrast to many ammonia-tolerant fishes, R. marmoratus do not shift to ureotelism during prolonged hyperammonia stress, nor do they convert nitrogenous wastes into FAAs. The data suggest that killifish continue to eliminate ammonia despite an unfavourable blood-to-water gradient, thereby avoiding accumulation of ammonia.

EFFECTS OF AMMONIA ON SURVIVAL, SWIMMING AND ACTIVITIES OF ENZYMES OF NITROGEN METABOLISM IN THE LAKE MAGADI TILAPIA OREOCHROMIS ALCALICUS GRAHAMI

1993 ◽  
Vol 180 (1) ◽  
pp. 323-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Walsh ◽  
H. L. Bergman ◽  
A. Narahara ◽  
C. M. Wood ◽  
P. A. Wright ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Ammonia Toxicity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Opsanus Beta ◽  
Lake Magadi ◽  
High Ammonia ◽  
Unionized Ammonia ◽  
Ammonia Exposure

The Lake Magadi tilapia, Oreochromis alcalicus grahami, is remarkable among teleosts in that it flourishes under extremely well-buffered alkaline water conditions (pH 10, CCO2 180 mmol l-1) at temperatures of 30–40 °C (Wood et al. 1989). As expected from current models in teleosts, ammonia excretion into such water would be difficult at best (Wood, 1993). Part of the survival strategy of the Lake Magadi tilapia is that it has a complete ornithine-urea cycle (O-UC) in the liver and excretes virtually all of its waste nitrogen as urea (Randall et al. 1989). Ammonia toxicity in ammoniotelic teleosts has been studied extensively, and typical values for unionized ammonia (NH3) 96 h LC50 (the concentration at which half of test subjects die after 96 h) are well below 100 micromolar (Haywood, 1983; Thurston et al. 1983a,b; Campbell, 1991). Surprisingly, no ammonia LC50 values are available for ureogenic teleost fish, and one would predict that fish synthesizing and excreting urea for whatever purpose would have higher LC50 values than their ammoniotelic counterparts. Additionally, since ammonia exposure has been implicated in the functional response of urea excretion in the Lake Magadi tilapia (Wood et al. 1989) and another ureogenic teleost (the gulf toadfish Opsanus beta) (Walsh et al. 1990), we reasoned that ammonia exposure in the Lake Magadi tilapia might reveal insights into the biochemical regulation of the O-UC in this species; in particular that it might induce enzyme activity. We report here that the Lake Magadi tilapia has a rather high ammonia LC50 compared to values for other teleosts, but that short-term ammonia exposure has very limited effects on the activities of the enzymes of nitrogen metabolism and on swimming performance.

Stress and Chronic Effects of Untreated and Treated Bleached Kraft Pulpmill Effluent on the Biochemistry and Stamina of Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 1049-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J. McLeay ◽  
David A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Stream Channels ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Treated Effluent

Growth of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fed a limiting ration (70% of satiation) in experimental stream channels was not altered significantly by prolonged exposure to untreated or laboratory-treated (fermented) bleached kraft pulpmill effluent (BKME), although mean weights for control fish were consistently lower than those for all effluent-exposed groups from 100 to 200 d. Body protein, fat, and moisture content were unaffected by treatment at 30, 90, and 200 d. Fish exposed to all strengths of untreated or treated BKME (i.e. untreated concentrations equivalent by volume to 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.5 of the untreated effluent's 96-h LC50 value; and treated concentrations equivalent by volume to 0.2 and 1.0 LC50) showed significant decreases in serum albumin levels at 30 d, whereas these recovered to control values at 90 and 200 d. The serum electrolytes Na+, K+, and Ca++ were unaffected by treatment at 200 d and not measured for other exposures. Liver and muscle glycogen reserves were decreased significantly by continuous exposure of fish to untreated or treated BKME concentrations for 30 d. These values recovered to control levels at 90 d and were unaffected or depressed at 200 d. Plasma glucose levels at 30 d were elevated significantly in all BKME-exposed groups except those held in the lowest concentration of untreated or treated effluent. Blood sugar values at 90 d were increased only by the highest strength of untreated or treated BKME; whereas at 200 d these values were elevated from control levels in all effluent-exposed groups. Levels of plasma lactic acid were unmeasured at 30 d, increased at 90 d in all BKME-exposed groups except the lowest strength of untreated effluent, and elevated at 200 d in all effluent-exposed groups. The stamina of these fish as determined by critical swimming speeds in freshwater was unaffected by exposure to pulpmill effluent for 90 d and unmeasured for other exposures. Based on the changes in intermediary metabolism for BKME-exposed fish at 30, 90, and 200 d, it was concluded that these fish remained in a state of chronic stress and did not acclimate to prolonged exposure to pulpmill effluent. Treatment of this waste reduced or removed its acute (lethal) toxicity but did not alter the biochemical effects caused by chronic exposure. Key words: stress, growth, proximate analyses, albumin, electrolyte, glycogen, glucose, lactate, critical swimming speed, acclimation

Ammonia output by eggs and larvae of the lumpsucker, Cyclopterus lumpus, the cod, Gadus morhua and the plaice, Pleuronectes platessa

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 713-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Davenport ◽  
Sunniva Lønning ◽  
Elin Kjørsvik
Keyword(s):  
Slow Rate ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Ovarian Fluid ◽  
Cyclopterus Lumpus ◽  
Metabolic Output ◽  
Eggs And Larvae ◽  
Comparable Size

Cod and plaice eggs show a gradually increasing rate of ammonia excretion during development and in neither species was there a great change in individual output at hatching. The rates of ammonia excretion recorded for cod and plaice larvae were similar to those recorded for planktonic Crustacea of comparable size by Conover & Corner (1968).Lumpsucker eggs and larvae have a basically low rate of ammonia excretion (consistent with their slow rate of development and low oxygen consumption), but much ammonia was released from the eggs in the first day or two after spawning. This ammonia was of non-metabolic origin, but was not accumulated from the ovarian fluid prior to spawning. Lumpfish eggs become very sticky when they are first exposed to sea water, but this stickiness is lost within 24 h. Stickiness stems from a viscous elastic slime; it is suggested that the non-metabolic output of ammonia is caused by changes in the composition of the slime as the eggs are bound together in a lattice.

Nitrogen metabolism of two portunid crabs, carcinus maenas and necora puber, during prolonged air exposure and subsequent recovery: a comparative study

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (17) ◽  
pp. 2515-2528 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Durand ◽  
M Regnault
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Ammonia Content ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Air Exposure ◽  
Ammonia Release

Carcinus maenas and Necora puber were exposed to air for 72 h and 18 h, respectively, at 18 degreesC. Nitrogen excretion, blood and muscle ammonia content and blood urate and lactate content were recorded throughout the experimental emersion and following reimmersion (recovery period). During emersion, the rate of ammonia excretion was strongly reduced in both species, while urea and amine excretion were not enhanced. Blood and muscle ammonia content increased steadily, reaching 1.3 and 10.4 mmol l-1, respectively, after an 18 h emersion in N. puber. In contrast, in C. maenas, blood ammonia levels increased slightly during the first 12 h and then remained at this level (approximately 0.12 mmol l-1) until the end of emersion. Muscle ammonia content showed a non-significant increase at 12 h, after which values returned to control values (3.3 mmol l-1) for the next 60 h. Blood urate and lactate content increased in emersed N. puber, indicating strong internal hypoxia, but urate content did not increase in C. maenas until the third day of emersion. Upon reimmersion, both species released large amounts of ammonia within a few minutes. Two different patterns of ammonia release then were observed: ammonia excretion was enhanced for a further 3 h in N. puber, whereas raised ammonia excretion rates were observed for a further 24 h in C. maenas. These patterns, the recovery of blood and muscle ammonia levels and the calculated nitrogen balance between emersed and control crabs indicated that specific processes were used to manage the nitrogen overload induced by air exposure. Whereas N. puber shows little or no ability to limit ammonia accumulation in its body, C. maenas exhibits strong regulation of its nitrogen metabolism. The probability that amino acid synthesis is involved in this regulation and whether these species use metabolic depression as a survival strategy are discussed.

scholarly journals Genetic and growth differences in the outcrossings between two clonal strains of the self-fertilizing mangrove killifish

2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (9) ◽  
pp. 976-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukino Nakamura ◽  
Koushirou Suga ◽  
Yoshitaka Sakakura ◽  
Takashi Sakamoto ◽  
Atsushi Hagiwara
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
The Self ◽  
Aflp Analysis ◽  
Rivulus Marmoratus ◽  
Kryptolebias Marmoratus ◽  
Growth Differences ◽  
Mangrove Killifish

The populations of the only known self-fertilizing vertebrate Kryptolebias marmoratus (Poey, 1880) (formerly known as Rivulus marmoratus Poey, 1880; Cyprinodontiformes: Aplocheilidae) usually consist of different homozygous lineages; however, heterozygous individuals are found occasionally and ratios of homozygosity and heterozygosity in populations are dependent on the proportion of males. However, it is still unclear what impact male-mediated genetic diversity has on the phenotype of K. marmoratus. To clarify this, we attempted outcrossing between male and hermaphrodite of two different clonal strains with different life-history traits using artificial insemination, and examined the genotypes and growth of the hybrid F2 generation. We detected genetic differences between the two clonal strains using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis with 3 primer combinations, and then obtained 11 AFLP markers. From a total of 31 artificial inseminations with two clonal strains, 1 of 13 hatched fish clearly indicated heterozygosity. The hybrid F2 generations were also heterozygous. Moreover, the growths of the hybrid F2 generation were intermediate of the parental strains from days 0 to 30. Therefore, outcrossing changes genetic architecture and the new genotypes potentially result in new phenotypes of the subsequent generations of K. marmoratus. It may also play a role in adaptation to new environments and the facilitation of local adaptation.

scholarly journals Early development of the self-fertilizing mangrove killifish Rivulus marmoratus reared in the laboratory

2004 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Vivian Camacho Grageda ◽  
Yoshitaka Sakakura ◽  
Atsushi Hagiwara
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
The Self ◽  
Rivulus Marmoratus ◽  
Mangrove Killifish

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MATRIX CONSTITUENTS OF ANTIFOULING PAINTS TO MICROBIAL ATTACK IN SEA WATER

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Starkey
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Antifouling Paints ◽  
Phenolic Resins ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Short Test ◽  
Microbial Attack

The rate of loss of the matrix constituents of antifouling paints used on ship bottoms affects the liberation of the toxic substance that prevents fouling. To obtain evidence on the influence of paint composition on antifouling properties of paints, the rate of decomposition and loss in weight of some matrix constituents in sea water was determined. Determinations of each material were made periodically during 6 months. Relative abundance of bacteria in sea water in which the specimens were exposed did not correlate with specimen decomposability. Determinations of oxygen consumption as an index of microbial attack and of weight losses were both similar, and reflected the rate of decomposition. Ester gum and Pentalyn compounds did not decompose. Phenolic resins decomposed slowly, but more rapidly at first than on prolonged exposure. Alkyd resin was relatively resistant but decomposed slowly. Paraffin decomposed slowly at first but rapidly after being kept in sea water for several weeks. Rosins decomposed rapidly from the start. Since the rates of decomposition of some matrix materials were not the same on initial and prolonged exposure in sea water, results obtained during short test periods are not dependable criteria of susceptibility of the materials to microbial attack.

scholarly journals Stress-reducing and anesthetic effects of the essential oils of Aloysia triphylla and Lippia alba on Serrasalmus eigenmanni (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Gottlieb Almeida ◽  
Tiago Gabriel Correia ◽  
Berta Maria Heinzmann ◽  
Adalberto Luis Val ◽  
Bernardo Baldisserotto
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Swimming Behavior ◽  
Amazonian Fish ◽  
Lippia Alba ◽  
Aloysia Triphylla

ABSTRACT Anesthetic effect of Aloysia triphylla and Lippia alba essential oils (EOs) in the Amazonian fish Serrasalmus eigenmanni was evaluated. The fish were placed in aquaria containing A. triphylla or L. alba EOs (25 to 200 µL L-1). Then, fish were transferred to aquaria containing EO-free water to evaluate their recovery time. In another experiment, fish were transferred to aquaria containing A. triphylla or L. alba EOs (3 to 10 µL L-1) and swimming behavior was analyzed for up to 240 min of exposure. Water samples were collected at 0 and 240 min and blood samples were collected at 240 min. Tested concentrations induced all stages of anesthesia, except 25 µL L-1 A. triphylla EO and 50 µL L-1 L. alba EO, which only induced sedation. Prolonged exposure to both EOs reduced swimming time compared to the control at all evaluated times. The fish exposed to 3 µL L-1 A. triphylla EO showed a lower net K+ efflux compared to ethanol-exposed fish; in those exposed to 5 µL L-1, ammonia excretion was reduced. The blood parameters did not show significant differences between treatments. In conclusion, both EOs can be used as anesthetics and sedatives for transport of S. eigenmanni.

scholarly journals Physiological Characteristics of Viable-but-nonculturableVibrio parahaemolyticusupon Prolonged Exposure to the Refrigerator Temperature

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Hyun Yoon ◽  
Sun-Young Lee
Keyword(s):  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Cellular Membrane ◽  
Physiological Characteristics ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Vbnc State ◽  
Viable But Nonculturable ◽  
Refrigerator Temperature

ABSTRACTAlthough it has been reported thatviable-but-nonculturable (VBNC) cells ofVibrio parahaemolyticuscan be developed by a prolonged duration of cold-starvation there are restricted cellular characteristics available on understanding the exact mechanisms governing the entry of pathogens into the VBNC state. Therefore, this research was aimed at determining the cellular profile of VBNC cells ofV. parahaemolyticusupon exposure to the refrigerator temperature. Strains ofV. parahaemolyticuswere incubated in artificial sea water (ASW) microcosms (pH 6) added with different amounts of NaCl at 4°C until these pathogens entered into such a dormant state. At a regular time-interval, both culturability and viability of these bacteria were enumerated, and then cellular profiling were carried out in terms of cellular membrane permeability, enzymatic activity, hydrophobicity, fatty acid composition, and morphological changes after cells ofV. parahaemolyticusbecame the VBNC state. Three strains ofV. parahaemolyticusused in this study showed that VBNC cells retained the strong virulent properties to Vero and CACO-2 cell lines, re-gained the cytotoxicity even after resuscitation, became permeabilized in terms of the outer membrane, showed lower levels of enzymatic (catalase and glutathione-S-transferase) activities, exerted the increasing hydrophobicity, and then exhibited increasing amounts of saturated fatty acids.IMPORTANCETo the current best knowledge, there are restricted information available on understanding the physiological characterization of viable-but-nonculturable cells. Most previous studies are still making a degree of efforts in discovering the causative effector causing microorganisms to be induced into the VBNC state. Herein, the present study showed that pathogenicV. parahaemolyticuscan enter into the VBNC state when challenged by a certain environmental stress where higher amounts of NaCl combined with acidic pHs was artificially controlled. Importantly, it was indicated that VBNCV. parahaemolyticusmaintained peculiarly different physiological characteristics. Furthermore, this study proposed a novel approach on the transient/stepwise conversion of the bacteria into the VBNC state. Specific alternative tools for measuring and controlling the incidence of VBNC pathogens on food are not established until now. In this aspect, results obtained from this study will used to provide an effective insight in determining physiological properties of viable-but-nonculturableV. parahaemolyticus.

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