scholarly journals Effects of temperature, epinephrine and Ca2+ on the hearts of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares)

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (13) ◽  
pp. 1881-1888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason M. Blank ◽  
Jeffery M. Morrissette ◽  
Peter S. Davie ◽  
Barbara A. Block
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Cardiac Performance ◽  
Yellowfin Tuna ◽  
Thunnus Albacares ◽  
Strong Temperature Dependence ◽  
Perfused Heart ◽  
Heart Preparation

SUMMARYTuna are endothermic fish with high metabolic rates, cardiac outputs and aerobic capacities. While tuna warm their skeletal muscle, viscera, brain and eyes, their hearts remain near ambient temperature, raising the possibility that cardiac performance may limit their thermal niches. We used an in situ perfused heart preparation to investigate the effects of acute temperature change and the effects of epinephrine and extracellular Ca2+ on cardiac function in yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares). Heart rate showed a strong temperature-dependence, ranging from 20 beats min-1 at 10 °C to 109 beats min-1 at 25 °C. Maximal stroke volume showed an inverse temperature-dependence,ranging from 1.4 ml kg-1 at 15 °C to 0.9 ml kg-1 at 25 °C. Maximal cardiac outputs were 27 ml kg-1 min-1at 10 °C and 98 ml kg-1 min-1 at 25 °C. There were no significant effects of perfusate epinephrine concentrations between 1 and 100 nmoll-1 at 20 °C. Increasing extracellular Ca2+ concentration from 1.84 to 7.36 mmoll-1 at 20°C produced significant increases in maximal stroke volume, cardiac output and myocardial power output. These data demonstrate that changes in heart rate and stroke volume are involved in maintaining cardiac output during temperature changes in tuna and support the hypothesis that cardiac performance may limit the thermal niches of yellowfin tuna.

MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF AN IN SITU PERFUSED HEART FROM THE TURTLE CHRYSEMYS SCRIPTA DURING NORMOXIA AND ANOXIA AT 5 C AND 15 C

1994 ◽  
Vol 191 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Farrell ◽  
C Franklin ◽  
P Arthur ◽  
H Thorarensen ◽  
K Cousins
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Perfused Heart ◽  
Inotropic Effects ◽  
Ventricular Mass

We developed an in situ perfused turtle (Chrysemys scripta) heart preparation to study its intrinsic mechanical properties at 5°C and 15°C using normoxic and anoxic perfusion conditions. The in situ preparation proved durable and stable. At 15°C and a spontaneous heart rate of 23.4 beats min-1, maximum stroke volume was 2.54 ml kg-1 body mass, maximum cardiac output was 62.5 ml min-1 kg-1 and maximum cardiac myocardial power output was 1.50 mW g-1 ventricular mass. There was good agreement between these values and those previously obtained in vivo. Furthermore, since the maximum stroke volume observed here was numerically equivalent to that observed in ventilating C. scripta in vivo, it seems likely that C. scripta has little scope to increase stroke volume to a level much beyond that observed in the resting animal through intrinsic mechanisms alone. The ability of the perfused turtle heart to maintain stroke volume when diastolic afterload was raised (homeometric regulation) was relatively poor. At 5°C, the spontaneous heart rate (8.1 beats min-1) was threefold lower and homeometric regulation was impaired, but maximum stroke volume (2.25 ml kg-1) was not significantly reduced compared with the value at 15°C. The significantly lower maximum values for cardiac output (18.9 ml min-1 kg-1) and power output (0.39 mW g-1 ventricular mass) at 5°C were largely related to pronounced negative chronotropy with only a relatively small negative inotropy. Anoxia had weak negative chronotropic effects and marked negative inotropic effects at both temperatures. Negative inotropy affected pressure development to a greater degree than maximum flow and this difference was more pronounced at 5°C than at 15°C. The maximum anoxic cardiac power output value at 15°C (0.77 mW g-1 ventricular mass) was not that different from values previously obtained for the performance of anoxic rainbow trout and hagfish hearts. In view of this, we conclude that the ability of turtles to overwinter under anoxic conditions depends more on their ability to reduce cardiac work to a level that can be supported through glycolysis than on their cardiac glycolytic potential being exceptional.

Heart rate and stroke volume contribution to cardiac output in swimming yellowfin tuna: response to exercise and temperature.

1997 ◽  
Vol 200 (14) ◽  
pp. 1975-1986 ◽  
Author(s):  
K E Korsmeyer ◽  
N C Lai ◽  
R E Shadwick ◽  
J B Graham
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Yellowfin Tuna ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Blood Flow Measurements

Cardiac performance in the yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares, 673-2470 g, 33-53 cm fork length, FL) was examined in unanesthetized fish swimming in a large water tunnel. Yellowfin tuna were fitted with either electrocardiogram electrodes or a transcutaneous Doppler blood-flow probe over the ventral aorta and exposed to changes in swimming velocity (range 0.8-2.9 FLs-1) or to an acute change in temperature (18-28 degrees C). Heart rates (fH) at +/-1 degree C (30-130 beats min-1) were lower on average than previous measurements with non-swimming (restrained) tunas and comparable with those for other active teleosts at similar relative swimming velocities. Although highly variable among individuals, fH increased with velocity (U, in FLs-1) in all fish (fH = 17.93U + 49.93, r2 = 0.14, P < 0.0001). Heart rate was rapidly and strongly affected by temperature (Q10 = 2.37). Blood flow measurements revealed a mean increase in relative cardiac output of 13.6 +/- 3.0% with exercise (mean velocities 1.23-2.10 FLs-1) caused by an 18.8 +/- 5.4% increase in fH and a 3.9 +/- 2.3% decrease in stroke volume. These results indicate that, unlike most other fishes, cardiac output in yellowfin tuna is regulated primarily through increases in fH. Acute reductions in ambient temperature at slow swimming velocities resulted in decreases in cardiac output (Q10 = 1.52) and fH (Q10 = 2.16), but increases in stroke volume (Q10 = 0.78). This observation suggests that the lack of an increase in stroke volume during exercise is not due to the tuna heart operating at maximal anatomical limits.

Effect of heart rate and hypoxia on the performance of a perfused trout heart

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Farrell ◽  
S. Small ◽  
M. S. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Oxygen Supply ◽  
Filling Pressure ◽  
Cardiac Performance ◽  
Isolated Perfused Heart ◽  
Adrenergic Stimulation ◽  
Perfused Heart ◽  
Filling Time ◽  
Cardiac Stroke Volume

While adrenergic stimulation and increased filling pressure of the heart are recognized to increase cardiac stroke volume in the trout heart, the effects of factors such as heart rate and oxygen supply have not been examined. The present study used isolated, saline-perfused trout hearts to determine the maximum cardiac performance during hypoxic perfusion and during changes in pacing frequency similar to the range of heart rate observed in intact trout. The threshold oxygen tension of the perfusate was between 25 and 46 Torr (3.33–6.13 kPa) for maintaining resting and maximum cardiac ouput, but was between 46 and 67 Torr (6.13 – 8.93 kPa) for maintaining maximum power output. Increasing the pacing frequency from 30 to 58 beats/min did not produce a proportionate increase in the maximum cardiac output because maximum stroke volume was reduced significantly. It is suggested that the reduction in maximum stroke volume occurs because atrial filling time is compromised at higher pacing frequencies in the isolated perfused heart.

scholarly journals Ekhokardiografi Kinerja Jantung Kelinci pada Anastesi Ketamin yang Dikombinasikan dengan Xylazin, Medetomidin, atau Acepromazin (HEART RABBIT PERFORMANCE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN KETAMINE ANESTHESIA COMBINED WITH XYLAZINE, MEDETOMIDINE, OR ACEPROMAZINE)

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 276
Author(s):  
Tri Isyani Tungga Dewi ◽  
Gunanti Gunanti ◽  
Deni Noviana
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Ejection Fraction ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Observation Time ◽  
Cardiac Performance ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Ketamine Anesthesia ◽  
Fractional Shortening ◽  
All Treatment

Ketamine is anesthesia that commonly used in the rabbit’s surgery as animal model often combined with transquilizer. The aim of this study is to evaluate the rabbit’s cardiac performance after administration of ketamine anesthesia combined with transquilizer. A total of 24 rabbits of New Zealand White strain were divided into four treatment groups, namely ketamine 40 mg/kg BW, combination of ketamine 10 mg/ kg BW and xylazin 3 mg/kg BW, ketamine 10 mg/kg BW and medetomidin 0.125 mg/kg BW and ketamine 10 mg/kg BW and acepromazin 1 mg/kg BW group. Evaluation were performed at 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after administration of anesthesia. Evaluation of cardiac performance using echocardiography on heart rate, stroke volume, ejection fraction, fractional shortening and cardiac output. The results showed that the heart rate in all treatment groups decreased along with observation time, except the ketamine group increased after 45 minutes. The stroke volume, cardiac output and fractional shortening in all treatment groups was stable, and the value was not significantly different among time observation (P> 0.05). The ejection fraction of the ketamine combined with transquilizer showed had the same pattern, decreasing at the 30 minutes observation followed by increasing at 45 and 60 minutes observation, while the ketamine group increased at 45 minutes but decreased again at minute 60. The lowest ejection fraction score was seen in the ketamine group. The research suggest that administration of ketamine with combined transquilizer medetomidin showed the most stable cardiac performance during observation. 

Cardiorespiratory responses of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), and bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) to acute reductions of ambient oxygen

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 1857-1865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter. G. Bushnell ◽  
Richard W. Brill ◽  
Robert E. Bourke
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Yellowfin Tuna ◽  
Thunnus Albacares ◽  
Skipjack Tuna ◽  
Bigeye Tuna ◽  
Katsuwonus Pelamis ◽  
Thunnus Obesus ◽  
Ambient Oxygen

Cardiorespiratory responses to acute reductions of ambient oxygen were measured in skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), and bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus). Prevented from swimming by a spinal injection of lidocaine, fish were placed in seawater flowing at a velocity equivalent to their normal swimming speed. Ventilation volume [Formula: see text], heart rate, cardiac output, mouth gape, and inspired water and exhalant water oxygen partial pressures ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively) were simultaneously measured during periods of full oxygen saturation (normoxia) and brief (ca. 3–4 min) periods of reduced oxygen (hypoxia). During hypoxia, [Formula: see text] ranged from 140 to 50 mmHg. [Formula: see text] during normoxia was significantly different in skipjack, yellowfin, and bigeye tunas (6.7, 3.9, and 1.5 L∙min−1∙kg−1, respectively) and paralleled differences in oxygen consumption (740, 455, and 322 mg O2∙kg−1∙h−1). All three species were sensitive to [Formula: see text], and mild hypoxia [Formula: see text] elicited significant cardiorespiratory adjustments, including increased mouth gape and [Formula: see text] and reduced heart rate. Cardiac output was maintained until [Formula: see text] reached 95 mmHg, but at lower oxygen levels it too began to decrease. Therefore, the three tuna species studied appear as sensitive to hypoxia as other marine teleosts and show cardiorespiratory adjustments at [Formula: see text] values well above those eliciting swimming speed changes.

Interaction of interval-force relationship with aortic pressure and stroke volume

1976 ◽  
Vol 230 (4) ◽  
pp. 893-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
ER Powers ◽  
Foster ◽  
Powell WJ
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Diastolic Pressure ◽  
Aortic Pressure ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Cardiac Performance ◽  
Right Heart ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
Right Heart Bypass ◽  
Force Relationship

The modification by aortic pressure and stroke volume of the response in cardiac performance to increases in heart rate (interval-force relationship) has not been previously studied. To investigate this interaction, 30 adrenergically blocked anesthetized dogs on right heart bypass were studied. At constant low aortic pressure and stroke volume, increasing heart rate (over the entire range 60-180) is associated with a continuously increasing stroke power, decreasing systolic ejection period, and an unchanging left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and circumference. At increased aortic pressure or stroke volume at low rates (60-120), increases in heart rate were associated with an increased performance. However, at increased aortic pressure or stroke volume at high rates (120-180), increases in heart rate were associated with a leveling or decrease in performance. Thus, an increase in aortic pressure or stroke volume results in an accentuation of the improvement in cardiac performance observed with increases in heart rate, but this response is limited to a low heart rate range. Therefore, the hemodynamic response to given increases in heart rate is critically dependent on aortic pressure and stroke volume.

Physiological factors associated with the lower maximal oxygen consumption of master runners

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 949-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Rivera ◽  
A. E. Pels ◽  
S. P. Sady ◽  
M. A. Sady ◽  
E. M. Cullinane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Older Athletes ◽  
Maximal Cardiac Output

We examined the hemodynamic factors associated with the lower maximal O2 consumption (VO2max) in older formerly elite distance runners. Heart rate and VO2 were measured during submaximal and maximal treadmill exercise in 11 master [66 +/- 8 (SD) yr] and 11 young (32 +/- 5 yr) male runners. Cardiac output was determined using acetylene rebreathing at 30, 50, 70, and 85% VO2max. Maximal cardiac output was estimated using submaximal stroke volume and maximal heart rate. VO2max was 36% lower in master runners (45.0 +/- 6.9 vs. 70.4 +/- 8.0 ml.kg-1.min-1, P less than or equal to 0.05), because of both a lower maximal cardiac output (18.2 +/- 3.5 vs. 25.4 +/- 1.7 l.min-1) and arteriovenous O2 difference (16.6 +/- 1.6 vs. 18.7 +/- 1.4 ml O2.100 ml blood-1, P less than or equal to 0.05). Reduced maximal heart rate (154.4 +/- 17.4 vs. 185 +/- 5.8 beats.min-1) and stroke volume (117.1 +/- 16.1 vs. 137.2 +/- 8.7 ml.beat-1) contributed to the lower cardiac output in the older athletes (P less than or equal 0.05). These data indicate that VO2max is lower in master runners because of a diminished capacity to deliver and extract O2 during exercise.

Nitric oxide modulates cardiac performance in the heart of Anguilla anguilla

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (10) ◽  
pp. 1719-1727 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Imbrogno ◽  
L. De Iuri ◽  
R. Mazza ◽  
B. Tota
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
Cardiac Performance ◽  
Stroke Work ◽  
Nos Inhibitors ◽  
Cgmp Pathway ◽  
Triton X ◽  
Endocardial Endothelium

Nothing is known about the effects of nitric oxide (NO) on cardiac performance in fish. Using an in vitro working heart preparation that generates physiological values of output pressure, cardiac output and ventricular work and power, we assessed the effects of NO on the cardiac performance of the eel Anguilla anguilla. We examined basal cardiac performance (at constant preload, afterload and heart rate), the effects of cholinergic stimulation and the Frank-Starling response (preload-induced increases in cardiac output at constant afterload and heart rate). The NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA) and l-N(5)(1-iminoethyl)ornithine (l-NIO), the guanylate cyclase inhibitor 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo-(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) and Triton X-100, a detergent that damages the endocardial endothelium, all increased stroke volume (V(S)) and stroke work (W(S)). In contrast, the endogenous NOS substrate l-arginine, tested before and after treatment with haemoglobin, the NO donor 3-morpholinosydnonimine, tested with and without the superoxide scavenger superoxide dismutase, and the stable cGMP analogue 8-bromoguanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cGMP) decreased V(S) and W(S). Acetylcholine chloride produced a biphasic effect. At nanomolar concentrations, in 34 % of the preparations, it induced a NO-cGMP-dependent positive inotropism that required the integrity of the endocardial endothelium. Pretreatment with Triton X-100 or with NO-cGMP pathway inhibitors (l-NMMA, l-NIO, N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, Methylene Blue and ODQ) abolished the positive effect of acetylcholine. In contrast, at micromolar concentrations, acetylcholine produced a negative effect that involved neither the endocardial endothelium nor the NO-cGMP pathway. Pre-treatment with l-arginine (10(−)(6)mol l(−)(1)) was without effect, whereas l-NIO (10(−)(5)mol l(−)(1)) significantly reduced the Frank-Starling response. Taken together, these three experimental approaches provide evidence that NO modulates cardiac performance in the eel heart.

Cardiovascular changes in the exercising emu

1983 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Grubb ◽  
D. D. Jorgensen ◽  
M. Conner
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Exercise Heart Rate ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Cardiovascular Variables

Cardiovascular variables were studied as a function of oxygen consumption in the emu, a large, flightless ratite bird well suited to treadmill exercise. At the highest level of exercise, the birds' rate of oxygen consumption (VO2) was approximately 11.4 times the resting level (4.2 ml kg-1 min-1). Cardiac output was linearly related to VO2, increasing 9.5 ml for each 1 ml increase in oxygen consumption. The increase in cardiac output is similar to that in other birds, but appears to be larger than in mammals. The venous oxygen content dropped during exercise, thus increasing the arteriovenous oxygen content difference. At the highest levels of exercise, heart rate showed a 3.9-fold increase over the resting rate (45.8 beats min-1). The mean resting specific stroke volume was 1.5 ml per kg body mass, which is larger than shown by most mammals. However, birds have larger hearts relative to body mass than do mammals, and stroke volume expressed per gram of heart (0.18 ml g-1) is similar to that for mammals. Stroke volume showed a 1.8-fold increase as a result of exercise in the emus, but a change in heart rate plays a greater role in increasing cardiac output during exercise.

Cardiac Response During Trumpet Playing

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald U Robertson ◽  
Lynda Federoff ◽  
Keith E Eisensmith
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Cardiac Response ◽  
Physiological Efficiency ◽  
Rest Periods ◽  
Upper Register

Heart rate, heart rate variability, stroke volume, and cardiac output were measured while six college students and six professionals played trumpet. One-minute rest periods were followed by 1 minute of playing exercises designed to assess the effects of pitch and articulation. Heart rate and heart rate variability increased during playing, but stroke volume decreased. Changes in heart rate between resting and playing were greater for students, although beat-to-beat variability was larger for professionals in the upper register. These results suggest that expertise is characterized by greater physiological efficiency.

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