scholarly journals Temperature effects on the contractile performance and efficiency of oxidative muscle from a eury- vs. stenothermal salmonid

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kurt Gamperl ◽  
Douglas A. Syme
Keyword(s):  
Test Temperature ◽  
Salvelinus Alpinus ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Temperature Acclimation ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Ventricular Trabeculae

We compared the thermal sensitivity of oxidative muscle function between the eurythermal Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and the more stenothermal Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus; which prefers cooler waters). Power output was measured in red skeletal muscle strips and myocardial trabeculae, and efficiency (net work/energy consumed) was measured for trabeculae, from cold (6oC) and warm (15oC) acclimated fish at temperatures from 2-26oC. The mass-specific net power produced by char red muscle was greater than in salmon, by 2-5 fold depending on test temperature. Net power first increased, then decreased, when the red muscle of 6oC-acclimated char was exposed to increasing temperature. Acclimation to 15oC significantly impaired mass-specific power in char (by ∼40-50%) from 2 to 15oC, but lessened its relative decrease between 15 and 26oC. In contrast, maximal net power increased, and then plateaued, with increasing temperature in salmon from both acclimation groups. Increasing test temperature resulted in a ∼3-5 fold increase in maximal net power produced by ventricular trabeculae in all groups, and this effect was not influenced by acclimation temperature. Nonetheless, lengthening power was higher in trabeculae from warm acclimated char, and char trabeculae could not contract as fast as those from salmon. Finally, the efficiency of myocardial net work was approximately 2-fold greater in 15oC acclimated salmon than char (∼15 vs. 7%), and highest at 20oC in salmon. This study provides several mechanistic explanations as to their inter-specific difference in upper thermal tolerance, and potentially why southern char populations are being negatively impacted by climate change.

Testing hypotheses concerning the phenotypic plasticity of escape performance in fish of the family Cottidae.

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
G K Temple ◽  
I A Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Test Temperature ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
Temperature Acclimation ◽  
Relative Fitness ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Escape Performance ◽  
Fast Start ◽  
Total Body

A knowledge of the natural history of two species of marine Cottidae was used to construct a set of complex a priori hypotheses to test the idea that seasonal temperature acclimation conferred a fitness advantage and to examine whether acclimation responses were constant through development. The species studied were the short-horn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius L.) and the long-spined sea scorpion (Taurulus bubalis Euphr.). Fast-start escape performance was measured as a proxy of fitness, and maximum body-length-specific speed (Umax) and acceleration (Amax), and angular velocity (max) and cumulative turning angle (CTA) were quantified. Fish were acclimated to 5, 15 and 20 degreesC and filmed using high-speed cinematography at 0.8, 5.0, 15.0 and 20.0 degreesC. The following hypotheses were tested: (1) improvements in escape performance following acclimation to high temperature in adult short-horn sculpin that live offshore would involve a trade-off in performance at low temperature, (2) the escape response of the sea scorpion, which experiences large daily temperature variation, would exhibit low thermal sensitivity and be unchanged by acclimation between 5 and 15 degreesC, and (3) in short-horn sculpin, the ability to acclimate maximum speed thermally is acquired during ontogeny in parallel with the offshore migration of the late juvenile stage. At 20.0 degreesC, in adult short-horn sculpin, Umax and Amax were 110 % and 55 % higher, respectively, in 15 degreesC- than in 5 degreesC-acclimated fish. No evidence was obtained for improved fast-start performance at 0.8 degreesC or 5.0 degreesC following cold acclimation. In the long-spined sea scorpion, acclimation to 5 and 15 degreesC did not improve Umax or Amax compared with fish acutely exposed to these temperatures, although acclimation to 5 degreesC increased max (P=0.005). When tested over the most extreme thermal range found in the field, all variables were improved at a test temperature of 0.8 degreesC in 5 degreesC- compared with 15 degreesC-acclimated sea scorpion. Acclimation therefore appeared to be beneficial in some instances in both species. How this affects relative fitness is uncertain. The scaling of Umax with acclimation to 5 and 15 degreesC was examined in both species over the test range 5.0-15.0 degreesC. Temperature acclimation did not affect scaling relationships of Umax in long-spined sea scorpion ranging in total body length (L) from 45 to 160 mm. At a test temperature of 15.0 degreesC, the scaling of Umax for short-horn sculpin ranging in total body length from 43 to 270 mm changed from aL-0.98 in 5 degreesC-acclimated fish to aL-0.50 (where a is the proportionality coefficient in the regression equation) in 15 degreesC-acclimated fish (P<0.01). In short-horn sculpin, therefore, the ability to modify escape performance with temperature acclimation was found to vary during ontogeny, potentially paralleling a migration from a more variable to a more stable thermal environment.

Sealed-Jar Bioassays for Pulpmill Effluent Toxicity: Effects of Fish Species and Temperature

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 1389-1396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Gordon ◽  
Donald J. McLeay
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Test Temperature ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Temperature Acclimation ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Oxygen Utilization ◽  
Effluent Toxicity

To standardize the sealed-jar bioassay for optimum sensitivity to whole bleached kraft pulpmill effluent, experiments were designed to assess the effects of test temperature, acclimation temperature, and fish species. Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) conformed to a previously recognized test paradigm by showing progressively decreased oxygen utilization with increasing toxicant concentrations; however, rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) did not. In concentrations of effluent < 1.5 LC50, rainbow trout used significantly more oxygen than control groups, while coho salmon used significantly less oxygen. The sensitivity of these responses was influenced by test temperature and acclimation temperature. Results for coho confirmed that this species was most sensitive to effluent when tested at ambient room temperature. Both species showed significantly decreased oxygen utilization in effluent concentrations > 1.5 LC50 irrespective of test temperature or acclimation temperature. The significance of these responses is discussed, and the applicability of sealed-jar bioassays for assessing the acute toxicity of pulpmill effluents is reviewed. Key words: residual oxygen bioassay, sealed-jar bioassay, pulpmill effluent toxicity, temperature, hyperthermia, respiration, hypoxia, species-specific response

The effect of temperature and adrenaline on the relative importance of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in contributing Ca2+ to force development in isolated ventricular trabeculae from rainbow trout

1997 ◽  
Vol 200 (11) ◽  
pp. 1607-1621 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Shiels ◽  
A Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Test Temperature ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Adrenergic Stimulation ◽  
Release Channel ◽  
Force Development ◽  
Peak Tension ◽  
Ventricular Trabeculae

The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is central to intracellular Ca2+ regulation during excitation&shy;contraction (E-C) coupling in mammalian cardiac tissue. The importance of the SR to E-C coupling in lower vertebrates is less certain. This uncertainty can be attributed, in part, to the temperature-dependency of the SR Ca2+-release channel and to interspecific differences in the ryanodine-sensitivity of ectotherm cardiac muscle. Furthermore, the relative importance of the SR in contributing intracellular Ca2+ to force development may be influenced by adrenergic stimulation, which increases trans-sarcolemmal (extracellular) Ca2+ influx. The objective of this study was to assess the relative importance of SR (intracellular) and sarcolemmal (SL; extracellular) Ca2+ fluxes during the isometric contraction of isolated ventricular trabeculae from rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. To approximate in vivo Ca2+ availability to the muscle better, a tonic level (10 nmol l-1) of adrenaline was used in all control experiments, and SL Ca2+ influx was stimulated with high levels (10 &micro;mol l-1) of adrenaline. Ryanodine, a noted blocker of SR Ca2+ release in mammals, was used to assess SR involvement. To examine the role of temperature on the relative Ca2+ contribution from each source, experiments were performed at two temperatures (12 and 22 &deg;C), using ventricular trabeculae from fish acclimated to both 12 and 22 &deg;C. Under all test conditions studied, SL Ca2+ influx was the primary source of activator Ca2+, as assessed by the change in isometric force after ryanodine application. Even so, the SR contribution of activator Ca2+ was significantly greater at a test temperature of 22 &deg;C than at 12 &deg;C. We attribute this observation to the temperature-dependent nature of the SR Ca2+-release channel. At 22 &deg;C and under control conditions, ryanodine reduced peak tension at all pacing frequencies (by approximately 50 % at 0.2 Hz, approximately 25 % at 1.2 Hz and approximately 20 % at 2.0 Hz), regardless of acclimation temperature. Therefore, the SR is a significant, but secondary, contributor of activator Ca2+ for tension development at warm temperatures. The magnitude of SR Ca2+ contribution was inversely related to pacing frequency, but remained significant at physiological pacing frequencies. This was a novel finding. The degree of ryanodine-sensitivity in the present study was greater than that reported previously for the rainbow trout. We attribute this difference to the use of tonic adrenergic stimulation in the present study. In contrast to the experiments at the warmer test temperature, at 12 &deg;C and under control conditions, ryanodine significantly reduced peak tension only at low frequencies (by approximately 25 % at 0.2 Hz), regardless of acclimation temperature. These findings suggest that at cold temperatures, and at physiologically relevant pacing frequencies, the SR may not be important in supplying Ca2+ to the contractile elements of the trout heart. At both test temperatures and regardless of acclimation temperature, stimulation with 10 &micro;mol l-1 adrenaline caused positive inotropy of sufficient magnitude to ameliorate the negative inotropic effect of ryanodine completely, with the exception of high pacing frequencies (&gt;1.2 Hz) at 22 &deg;C, where adrenergic stimulation did not fully compensate for the effects of ryanodine. This exception is discussed in relation to the reduced adrenergic sensitivity of the trout myocardium at warm temperatures. The adrenergically mediated compensation for the loss of the SR Ca2+ supply is a novel finding for fish hearts. Therefore, while our study clearly demonstrates that the relative importance of SR Ca2+ release is subject to temperature and frequency, adrenaline-mediated increases in SL Ca2+ influx decrease the importance of the SR in contributing Ca2+ to E-C coupling in trout ventricular myofilaments.

scholarly journals Fish heating tolerance scales similarly across individual physiology and populations

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas L. Payne ◽  
Simon A. Morley ◽  
Lewis G. Halsey ◽  
James A. Smith ◽  
Rick Stuart-Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Tight Coupling ◽  
Abundance Patterns ◽  
Biological Responses ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Demographic Processes ◽  
Climate Vulnerability ◽  
Increasing Temperature

AbstractExtrapolating patterns from individuals to populations informs climate vulnerability models, yet biological responses to warming are uncertain at both levels. Here we contrast data on the heating tolerances of fishes from laboratory experiments with abundance patterns of wild populations. We find that heating tolerances in terms of individual physiologies in the lab and abundance in the wild decline with increasing temperature at the same rate. However, at a given acclimation temperature or optimum temperature, tropical individuals and populations have broader heating tolerances than temperate ones. These congruent relationships implicate a tight coupling between physiological and demographic processes underpinning macroecological patterns, and identify vulnerability in both temperate and tropical species.

scholarly journals Temperature effects on sodium pump phosphoenzyme distribution in human red blood cells.

1985 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
J H Kaplan ◽  
L J Kenney
Keyword(s):  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Cell Membranes ◽  
Conformational Transition ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Na Pump ◽  
Na Ions ◽  
Red Cell Membranes ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Phosphorylation of red cell membranes at ambient temperatures with micromolar [32P]ATP in the presence of Na ions produced phosphoenzyme that was dephosphorylated rapidly upon the addition of ADP or K ions. However, as first observed by Blostein (1968, J. Biol. Chem., 243:1957), the phosphoenzyme formed at 0 degrees C under otherwise identical conditions was insensitive to the addition of K ions but was dephosphorylated rapidly by ADP. This suggested that the conformational transition from ADP-sensitive, K-insensitive Na pump phosphoenzyme (E1 approximately P) to K-sensitive, ADP-insensitive phosphoenzyme (E2P) is blocked at 0 degrees C. Since the ATP:ADP exchange reaction is a partial reaction of the overall enzyme cycle dependent upon the steady state level of E1 approximately P that is regulated by [Na], we examined the effects of temperature on the curve relating [Na] to ouabain-sensitive ATP:ADP exchange. The characteristic triphasic curve seen at higher temperatures when [Na] was between 0.5 and 100 mM was not obtained at 0 degrees C. Simple saturation was observed instead with a K0.5 for Na of approximately 1 mM. The effect of increasing temperature on the ATP:ADP exchange at fixed (150 mM) Na was compared with the effect of increasing temperature on (Na + K)-ATPase activity of the same membrane preparation. It was observed that (a) at 0 degrees C, there was significant ouabain-sensitive ATP:ADP exchange activity, (b) at 0 degrees C, ouabain-sensitive (Na + K)-ATPase activity was virtually absent, and (c) in the temperature range 5-37 degrees C, there was an approximately 300-fold increase in (Na + K)-ATPase activity with only a 9-fold increase in the ATP:ADP exchange. These observations are in keeping with the suggestion that the E1 approximately P----E2P transition of the Na pump in human red cell membranes is blocked at 0 degrees C. Previous work has shown that the inhibitory effect of Na ions and the low-affinity stimulation by Na of the rate of ATP:ADP exchange occur at the extracellular surface of the Na pump. The absence of both of these effects at 0 degrees C, where E1 approximately P is maximal, supports the idea that external Na acts through sites on the E2P form of the phosphoenzyme.

THE EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON THE CARDIAC OUTPUT AND BLOOD FLOW DISTRIBUTION OF THE LARGESCALE SUCKER CATOSTOMUS MACROCHEILUS

1993 ◽  
Vol 183 (1) ◽  
pp. 301-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Kolok ◽  
M. R. Spooner ◽  
A. P. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Blood Flow Distribution ◽  
Dramatic Decline ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Catostomus Macrocheilus ◽  
A Current

Cardiac output (Q.) and blood flow distribution were measured in adult largescale suckers at rest and while swimming. Cardiac output was directly measured using an ultrasonic flowprobe in fish during the summer (16°C), fall (10°C) and winter (5°C). Largescale suckers were adept at holding station against a current without swimming and, when engaged in this behavior, they did not significantly increase Q. relative to that found in fish in still water. When fish began to swim, Q. increased significantly. From 16 to 10°C, the critical swimming speed (Ucrit), maximum Q. and scope for Q. of the suckers did not change. However, from 10 to 5°C all three traits were significantly reduced. Thus, these fish respond to variation in water temperature in two different ways. From 16 to 10°C, the fish compensate perfectly for the change in temperature with respect to cardiac and swimming performance. From 10 to 5°C, however, largescale suckers experience a dramatic decline in cardiac and swimming performance that may be associated with a quiescent overwintering strategy. Blood flow distribution in the fish at rest and while swimming was measured at 16°C using injection of colored microspheres. In the resting fish, over 10 % of the microspheres were recovered from the kidney and over 43 % were recovered from white muscle. When the fish were swimming, there was a 60-fold increase in blood flow to the red muscle while blood flow to all other tissues remained consistent with that at rest.

Regulation of glycolytic enzymes during anoxia in the turtle Pseudemys scripta

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (2) ◽  
pp. R278-R283 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Brooks ◽  
K. B. Storey
Keyword(s):  
Heart Muscle ◽  
Glycogen Phosphorylase ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Glycolytic Enzymes ◽  
Phosphorylase Activity ◽  
Enzyme Form ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Km Value ◽  
Glycogen Phosphorylase Activity

The glycolytic enzymes glycogen phosphorylase, phosphofructokinase (PFK), and pyruvate kinase (PK) were assessed in liver, heart, red muscle, and white muscle of aerobic and 5-h anoxic turtles (Pseudemys scripta) for changes in total activity and kinetic parameters. Anoxia induced statistically significant changes in these glycolytic enzymes in each of the four organs assayed. Compared with normoxic controls, anoxic liver showed a 3.3-fold increase in glycogen phosphorylase activity, a 1.5-fold increase in the PFK I50 value for citrate (concentration that inhibits initial activity by 50%), a 1.5-fold increase in the PFK Michaelis constant (Km) value for fructose 6-phosphate (P), and an increased maximal activity of PK. Anoxic heart muscle showed a 2.6-fold decrease in glycogen phosphorylase activity and, for PFK, a 1.7-fold decrease in the Km value for ATP and a twofold increase in the I50 value for citrate. In anoxic white muscle, PFK showed a fivefold lower Km value for fructose-6-P and a threefold lower activator concentration producing half-maximal activation (A50) for potassium phosphate than the aerobic enzyme form. Changes in anoxic white muscle PK included a twofold increase in the Km value for ADP and a 1.7-fold decrease in the I50 value for alanine. In red muscle, anoxia affected only the Km value for ATP, which was 50% higher than the value for the aerobic enzyme form. Fructose 2,6-diphosphate (P2) levels also decreased in heart muscle and increased in red and white muscle during anoxia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Acute and chronic influence of temperature on red blood cell anion exchange

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.B. Jensen ◽  
T. Wang ◽  
J. Brahm
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Anion Exchange ◽  
Temperature Sensitivity ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Temperature Acclimation ◽  
Freshwater Turtle ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss

Unidirectional (36)Cl(−) efflux via the red blood cell anion exchanger was measured under Cl(−) self-exchange conditions (i.e. no net flow of anions) in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and red-eared freshwater turtle Trachemys scripta to examine the effects of acute temperature changes and acclimation temperature on this process. We also evaluated the possible adaptation of anion exchange to different temperature regimes by including our previously published data on other animals. An acute temperature increase caused a significant increase in the rate constant (k) for unidirectional Cl(−) efflux in rainbow trout and freshwater turtle. After 3 weeks of temperature acclimation, 5 degrees C-acclimated rainbow trout showed only marginally higher Cl(−) transport rates than 15 degrees C-acclimated trout when compared at the same temperature. Apparent activation energies for red blood cell Cl(−) exchange in trout and turtle were lower than values reported in endothermic animals. The Q(10) for red blood cell anion exchange was 2.0 in trout and 2.3 in turtle, values close to those for CO(2) excretion, suggesting that, in ectothermic animals, the temperature sensitivity of band-3-mediated anion exchange matches the temperature sensitivity of CO(2) transport (where red blood cell Cl(−)/HCO(3)(−) exchange is a rate-limiting step). In endotherms, such as man and chicken, Q(10) values for red blood cell anion exchange are considerably higher but are no obstacle to CO(2) transport, because body temperature is normally kept constant at values at which anion exchange rates are high. When compared at constant temperature, red blood cell Cl(−) permeability shows large differences among species (trout, carp, eel, cod, turtle, alligator, chicken and man). Cl(−) permeabilities are, however, remarkable similar when compared at preferred body temperatures, suggesting an appropriate evolutionary adaptation of red blood cell anion exchange function to the different thermal niches occupied by animals.

scholarly journals Gene by environmental interactions affecting oxidative phosphorylation and thermal sensitivity

2016 ◽  
Vol 311 (1) ◽  
pp. R157-R165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara Z. Baris ◽  
Pierre U. Blier ◽  
Nicolas Pichaud ◽  
Douglas L. Crawford ◽  
Marjorie F. Oleksiak
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Complex I ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Mitochondrial Haplotype ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Atp Production ◽  
Acute Response ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Mitochondrial Genotype

The oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) pathway is responsible for most aerobic ATP production and is the only metabolic pathway with proteins encoded by both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. In studies examining mitonuclear interactions among distant populations within a species or across species, the interactions between these two genomes can affect metabolism, growth, and fitness, depending on the environment. However, there is little data on whether these interactions impact natural populations within a single species. In an admixed Fundulus heteroclitus population with northern and southern mitochondrial haplotypes, there are significant differences in allele frequencies associated with mitochondrial haplotype. In this study, we investigate how mitochondrial haplotype and any associated nuclear differences affect six OxPhos parameters within a population. The data demonstrate significant OxPhos functional differences between the two mitochondrial genotypes. These differences are most apparent when individuals are acclimated to high temperatures with the southern mitochondrial genotype having a large acute response and the northern mitochondrial genotype having little, if any acute response. Furthermore, acute temperature effects and the relative contribution of Complex I and II depend on acclimation temperature: when individuals are acclimated to 12°C, the relative contribution of Complex I increases with higher acute temperatures, whereas at 28°C acclimation, the relative contribution of Complex I is unaffected by acute temperature change. These data demonstrate a complex gene by environmental interaction affecting the OxPhos pathway.

Temperature effects on pH of mitochondria isolated from carp red muscle

1988 ◽  
Vol 254 (4) ◽  
pp. R611-R615 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Moyes ◽  
L. T. Buck ◽  
P. W. Hochachka
Keyword(s):  
Intracellular Ph ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Ph Gradient ◽  
Carp Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Induced Changes

Mitochondria isolated from red muscle of carp (Cyprinus carpio) were used to investigate the effects of temperature and extramitochondrial pH (pHe) on the mitochondrial pH gradient and respiratory properties. Mitochondria from animals acclimated to 10 degrees C were isolated and incubated in KCl-based media with 0.2 mM lauroylcarnitine (C-12) as substrate. Maximal respiratory control ratios (RCR = state 3/state 4) were 16-18 between pH 6.7 and 7.4 at 10 degrees C; RCR values were 9-12 between pH 6.5 and 7.1 at 30 degrees C. Changes in RCR values were due primarily to changes in the state 3 rate (in the presence of ADP). Mitochondrial pH was determined by measuring 5,5-[2-14C]dimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione distribution, using [14C]sucrose as an extramatrical marker. The pH gradient was inversely related to pHe. At any particular pHe, the mitochondrial pH gradient decreased with increasing temperature. However, if pHe was varied in the same manner that intracellular pH changes with temperature in vivo, the pH gradient was maintained constant at approximately 0.4 U at 10, 20, and 30 degrees C. These data suggest that carp red muscle mitochondria defend an appropriate mitochondrial pH gradient with temperature-induced changes in intracellular pH.

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