Myocardial Infarction

Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack is the disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle (Myocardium) i.e. coronary heart disease. The area of heart muscle that has either zero flow or so little flow that it cannot sustain cardiac muscle function is said to be infracted and the overall process is called a myocardial infarction. MI are of two types; transmural and subendocardial. Mainly it is caused due to oxidative stress and atherosclerosis.Chest pain is the most common symptom of acute MI and is often described as a sensation of tightness, pressure, or squeezing. Other symptoms include diaphoresis (an excessive form of sweating), Shortness of breath (dyspnea), weakness, light-headedness, nausea, vomiting, and palpitations. The most common symptoms of MI in women include dyspnea, weakness, and fatigue, sleep disturbances. It can be treated by using blockers, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers and nitrates.

Cardiac Glycosides – The Review of Remedies in congestive heart Failure

Congestive heart failure, occurs when our heart muscle doesn't pump blood as well as it must. Certain conditions, such as narrowed arteries in your heart (coronary artery disease) or high blood pressure, gradually leave your heart too weak or stiff to fill and pump efficiently. Herbal drugs like digitalis, squill, and stropanthus commonly find the treatment of heart diseases. Caridio active glycosides like having the purpurea glycosides A and B present in the herb of digitalis, glucoscillaren A and scillarenase having the squill and strophanthus having strophanthoside.

Dexmedetomidine mitigates myocardial ischemiareperfusion injury via regulation of HMGB1-TLR4-NF-κB signaling axis

Purpose: To study the effect of dexmedetomidine (Dex) on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI), and the associated mechanism of action.Methods: Sixty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were assigned to sham, ischemia-reperfusion (I/R), Dex, and MD groups (methyllycaconitine prior to injection with Dex), with 15 rats in each group. Pathological changes in myocardial tissues were determined in all groups. Protein expression levels of HMGB1, TLR4, NF-κB and myeloid differentiation protein 88 (MyD88) in serum and myocardial tissues were assayed and compared.Results: Protein levels of HMGB1, TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB were significantly higher in heart muscle I/R rats than those in sham group, but lower in heart muscle of rats in Dex group than in heart muscle of I/R rats (p < 0.05). However, they were significantly up-regulated in MD group, relative to Dex group (p< 0.05).Conclusion: Dex exerts a protective effect against ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial damage via HMGB1-TLR4-NF-κB signal axis via CAP, and thus, is a potential agent for the management of myocardial disease.

СВИНЦОВАЯ ЭКСПОЗИЦИЯ КАК ПРЕДПОСЫЛКА ОГРАНИЧЕНИЯ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ МАКСИМАЛЬНОЙ ФИЗИЧЕСКОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ

As a result of man’s technological activities, numerous quantities of lead and its compounds are spread into the environment annually. The long-term effects of low doses of lead on the lungs, heart muscle and the transport function of erythrocytes were investigated. The study results indicate that long-term intake of small doses of lead, even in the absence of visible clinical manifestations, causes distinct structural changes and therefore, functional changes in the heart muscle, respiratory system, reduces the transport function of erythrocytes, and also possibly limiting the oxygen transport in myocytes and its deposition in tissues and diffusion into cells. There is no doubt that these changes will limit the ability to maximize the realization of physical activity.

The state of the peripheral circulatory system in infectious diseases

The state of blood circulation and the causes of its disorder, both in chronic and, in particular, in acute infectious diseases, have always been of great interest to both clinicians and pathologists. Since the time of Laennec, who first drew attention to the weakness of the heart muscles in those who died from febrile diseases and emphasized, like Louis, weakness and fragility of the heart muscle, they began to look for the causes of these disorders in the state of the heart muscles. A significant success in the study of diseases of the heart muscle in infectious diseases was the teaching of Virchow about parenchymal inflammation, confirmed by Bttcher for typhoid and Mosler for diphtheria. While these authors spoke only about parenchymal inflammation of the heart muscle, Hayem was able to establish under the same conditions also interstitial myocarditis, and later productive endoarteritis of the coronary vessels, which, causing vascular thrombosis, could be the cause of sudden death during typhoid.

Effect of diet-induced hypercholesterolemia on metabolic processes in the heart, liver, and pancreas in rats

Aim. To analyze the biochemical changes in the cells of the heart muscle, liver and pancreas, as well as to establish their pathogenetic significance in diet-induced experimental hypercholesterolemia. Methods. The study was conducted on 65 outbred male rats. During the experiment, the animals were divided into groups: the first (control, n=30) animals that were kept on a general vivarium diet; the second (experimental, n=35) animals with diet-induced hypercholesterolemia for three months by keeping on a special diet. At the end of the experiment, the concentrations of pyruvic acid, lactate, reduced glutathione, the activity of glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase were determined in the tissues by using biochemical methods. The Student's t-test was used for the experimental data of the samples after normality testing. Results. The analysis of energy metabolism indicators in animals with hypercholesterolemia relative to the control group revealed a lower level of pyruvic acid in the heart muscle (0.290.03 mmol/mg protein; p 0.05) and liver (0.250.02 mmol/mg protein; p 0.001). A significantly higher lactate level was recorded in all tissues, most pronounced in the liver (6.730.6 mmol/mg protein; p 0.001). The results obtained indicate the predominance of the anaerobic glycolysis in the tissues and the accumulation of incomplete-oxidation products. The study of the key glutathione-linked enzymes in animals with hypercholesterolemia relative to the control showed a lower activity of glutathione reductase in the pancreas 0.520.05 mmol/mg protein/min (p 0.001), as well as its higher activity in the liver 0.2970.03 mmol/mg protein/min (p 0.001) and heart 13.581.4 mmol/mg protein/min (p 0.001). The activity of glutathione peroxidase and reduced glutathione in all organs remained practically unchanged, or the differences were insignificant. This trend indicates a violation of the antioxidant defense system and oxidative stress. Conclusion. Changes in the metabolic link of adaptive-compensatory responses in the cells of the heart muscle, liver, and, most pronounced in the pancreas, indicate the role of the pancreas as a target organ in the pathogenesis of diet-induced hypercholesterolemia.

Possibilities of pharmacological correction of reperfusion injury of ischemic myocardium (review)

Timely and effective reperfusion in ischemia and reoxygenation in hypoxia of the heart muscle prevent myocardial infarction. Delayed reperfusion and reoxygenation in myocardial ischemia and hypoxia can cause reversible damage in it, which, with a favorable outcome, disappear without a trace. Excessively late reperfusion and reoxygenation inevitably ends with irreversible damage to the myocardium, which is widely known as a myocardial infarction, and which, together with other complications of cardiac ischemia, can cause disability and death of the patient. In recent years, reperfusion injury of the ischemic heart muscle has been recognized as an independent link in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction. The mechanisms of this link of pathogenesis have been partially studied in experimental conditions. The phenomena of preconditioning and post-conditioning have been discovered, the effects of which are currently determined fairly reliably. After determining the mechanisms of reperfusion injury of the ischemic myocardium, the search and development of pharmacological agents capable of inducing such a phenomenon as cardioprotection began. In parallel, studies of specific microRNAs that claim to be diagnostic markers are being conducted, as well as the search for drugs that affect the level of their expression is being conducted. The information about the achieved successes in this direction is given.

Protoplasmodynamic moments in the clinic of cardiovascular patients

In search of a satisfactory explanation of the pathogenesis of heart failure, the clinic has not been satisfied for a long time with one account of changes in the contractility of the heart muscle and changes in valves, but turns its attention to peripheral circulation.