scholarly journals VENOUS BLOOD AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO ARTERIAL BLOOD FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF CARBON DIOXIDE TENSIONS

1965 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.M. HARRISON ◽  
S. GALLON
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Arterial Blood

Clinical evaluation of an instrument to measure carbon dioxide tension at the oxygenator gas outlet in cardiopulmonary bypass

Perfusion ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frode Kristiansen ◽  
Jan Olav Høgetveit ◽  
Thore H Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Gas Measurement ◽  
Venous Blood Gas

This paper presents the clinical testing of a new capno-graph designed to measure the carbon dioxide tension at the oxygenator exhaust outlet in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). During CPB, there is a need for reliable, accurate and instant estimates of the arterial blood CO2 tension (PaCO2) in the patient. Currently, the standard practice for measuring PaCO2 involves the manual collection of intermittent blood samples, followed by a separate analysis performed by a blood gas analyser. Probes for inline blood gas measurement exist, but they are expensive and, thus, unsuitable for routine use. A well-known method is to measure PexCO2, ie, the partial pressure of CO2 in the exhaust gas output from the oxygenator and use this as an indirect estimate for PaCO2. Based on a commercially available CO2 sensor circuit board, a laminar flow capnograph was developed. A standard sample line with integrated water trap was connected to the oxygenator exhaust port. Fifty patients were divided into six different groups with respect to oxygenator type and temperature range. Both arterial and venous blood gas samples were drawn from the CPB circuit at various temperatures. Alfa-stat corrected pCO2 values were obtained by running a linear regression for each group based on the arterial temperature and then correcting the PexCO2 accordingly. The accuracy of the six groups was found to be (±SD): ±4.3, ±4.8, ±5.7, ±1.0, ±3.7 and ±2.1%. These results suggest that oxygenator exhaust capnography is a simple, inexpensive and reliable method of estimating the PaCO2 in both adult and pediatric patients at all relevant temperatures.

The Significance of the Bohr Effect in the Respiration and Asphyxiation of the Squid, Loligo Pealei

1929 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALFRED C. REDFIELD ◽  
ROBERT GOODKIND
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Bohr Effect ◽  
Reciprocal Effects ◽  
Cent Oxygen ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Loligo Pealei

1. The oxygen and carbon-dioxide content of the arterial and venous blood of the squid, Loligo pealei, have been measured. 2. Using a nomographic method of analysis it is shown that the reciprocal effects of oxygen and carbon dioxide upon the respiratory properties of squid haemocyanin account for one-third of the respiratory exchange. 3. The venous blood is estimated to be 0.13 pH unit more acid than the arterial blood. 4. Death from asphyxiation occurs when the oxygen and carbon-dioxide pressures are such that the arterial blood can combine with only 0.5 to 1.5 volumes per cent, oxygen. Carbon dioxide exerts no toxic effect except through its influence on the oxygenation of the blood. 5. The haemocyanin of the blood is of vital necessity to the squid, because the amount of oxygen which can be physically dissolved in blood is less than the amount which is necessary for the maintenance of life.

scholarly journals THE OXYGEN CONTENT OF THE BLOOD IN LOBAR PNEUMONIA

1913 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis W. Peabody
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Progressive Decrease ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Lobar Pneumonia ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Hemoglobin Molecule

In most cases of uncomplicated lobar pneumonia the decrease of respiratory surface is completely compensated for, and the oxygen content of the blood is within normal limits. Occasional cases of uncomplicated pneumonia have an oxygen content of the venous blood which is below normal. In the two cases reported here, this was associated with a carbon dioxide content of the blood which was higher than normally, and the condition was apparently due to an interference with the respiratory exchange of gases. In the terminal stage of the fatal cases of pneumonia in which death does not occur with great suddenness, there is often a progressive diminution in the oxygen content of the blood. Synchronous with this is a progressive decrease in the oxygen-combining capacity of the blood. These changes are usually seen in patients in whom an intense bacteremia has developed and are analogous to those found in the arterial blood of infected rabbits, and to those resulting from the growth of the pneumococcus in blood in vitro. In all three conditions there is probably a change of oxyhemoglobin to methemoglobin. This change of the hemoglobin molecule, so that it no longer takes up and gives off oxygen readily, is probably a factor in the immediate cause of death in many cases of pneumonia.

Relative effects of carbonic anhydrase infusion or inhibition on carbon dioxide transport and acid-base status in the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus following exercise

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (4) ◽  
pp. 933-940
Author(s):  
B Tufts ◽  
S Currie ◽  
J Kieffer
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Transport ◽  
Co2 Transport ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Acid Base Status

In vivo experiments were carried out to determine the relative effects of carbonic anhydrase (CA) infusion or inhibition on carbon dioxide (CO2) transport and acid-base status in the arterial and venous blood of sea lampreys recovering from exhaustive exercise. Infusion of CA into the extracellular fluid did not significantly affect CO2 transport or acid-base status in exercised lampreys. In contrast, infusion of the CA inhibitor acetazolamide resulted in a respiratory acidosis in the blood of recovering lampreys. In acetazolamide-treated lampreys, the post-exercise extracellular pH (pHe) of arterial blood was significantly lower than that in the saline-infused (control) lampreys. The calculated arterial and venous partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) and the total CO2 concentration in whole blood (CCO2wb) and red blood cells (CCO2rbc) during recovery in the acetazolamide-infused lampreys were also significantly greater than those values in the saline-infused control lampreys. These results suggest that the CO2 reactions in the extracellular compartment of lampreys may already be in equilibrium and that the access of plasma bicarbonate to CA is probably not the sole factor limiting CO2 transport in these animals. Furthermore, endogenous red blood cell CA clearly has an important role in CO2 transport in exercising lampreys.

Effect of tracer infusion site on measurement of bicarbonate-carbon dioxide metabolism in dogs

1986 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1248-1253 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Downey ◽  
A. Mellone ◽  
D. E. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Infusion Site ◽  
Peripheral Vein ◽  
Arterial Infusion ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Infusion Study ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Ten dogs were given a primed infusion of H13CO3- for 220 min while under general anesthesia. Isotopic steady state was reached within 60 min in exhaled CO2, femoral arterial blood HCO3-, and femoral venous blood HCO3-. Halfway through each infusion study, the site of tracer infusion was changed either from the central aorta to a peripheral vein, or vice versa. The mean HCO3(-)-CO2 flux measured from blood HCO3- enrichments was 15.7 +/- 2.1 (SD) mmol X kg-1 X h-1. The mean fraction of tracer recovered in exhaled CO2 was 79 +/- 7% (SD) of the infused dose. No significant difference in either HCO3- flux or recovery of tracer was found between the venous and arterial infusions of tracer. These results indicate that when venous administration of HCO3- tracer is compared with central arterial infusion, the initial loss of tracer into expired CO2 is an unimportant consideration in experiments measuring HCO3- kinetics.

Oxygen lack as a possible cause of reactive hyperemia

1959 ◽  
Vol 197 (3) ◽  
pp. 613-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dewitt G. Crawford ◽  
Hilton M. Fairchild ◽  
Arthur C. Guyton
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Oxygen Deficiency ◽  
Reactive Hyperemia ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Compensatory Mechanism ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Relationship Of

The relationship of blood flow through the hind leg of a dog to the gaseous content of the blood has been studied in 20 dogs by two different methods. In 15 dogs the oxygen saturation of the blood flowing through the leg was gradually changed by adding various amounts of venous blood to arterial blood. As the oxygen saturation decreased the blood flow increased—slowly at first, then progressively more rapidly as the oxygen levels fell lower and lower. Even though the oxygen saturation in most experiments was decreased to 30%, the total oxygen transported to the tissues each minute (O2 saturation times blood flow) decreased only to 75% of the control value. This showed that a definite compensatory mechanism exists, with an efficiency of about 65% for preventing tissue hypoxemia. In five animals the oxygen saturation of the blood was maintained constant while the dogs were allowed to breathe 20% carbon dioxide for an hour. By checking the blood flow every 10 minutes it was found that there was no increase in blood flow but rather in three of the animals a decrease to the extent of 35% of the control blood flow and in the remaining two no change. These studies indicate that oxygen deficiency might well be one of the causes of reactive hyperemia but that excess carbon dioxide probably is not involved.

Effect of Diamox (Acetazoleamide) on the Carbon Dioxide Tension of the Urine

1957 ◽  
Vol 191 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas E. Capeci ◽  
Oscar R. Kruesi ◽  
Davis C. Weaver ◽  
James G. Hilton
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Before And After

In the anesthetized dog the pCO2 of the urine, arterial blood, and renal venous blood was measured before and after the intravenous administration of Diamox (acetazoleamide). The pCO2 of the urine always rose to a much greater degree than did the pCO2 of the arterial or renal venous blood This rise in urinary pCO2 could be explained satisfactorily neither by a rise in intracellular pCO2 nor by an increase in the rate of urine flow, but seemed best explained by the fact that Diamox itself acted as a urinary buffer.

A New Open-Circuit Method for Estimating Carbon Dioxide Tension in Mixed Venous Blood

1977 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reiah Al-Dulymi ◽  
R. Hainsworth
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Mixed Venous Blood ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Venous Pco2 ◽  
Rebreathing Methods ◽  
Mixed Venous ◽  
Good Agreement

1. A new open-circuit respiratory method was developed to estimate mixed venous Pco2 more rapidly and accurately than is possible with rebreathing techniques. 2. The subject breathes a mixture of CO2 in air from an open circuit. Carbon dioxide is added to the air flowing through the circuit at a rate such that the Pco2 in the inspired and expired gases (recorded continuously with a CO2 analyser) are almost identical. 3. Results from respiratory and cardiac patients showed that equilibrium occurred in less than 10 s. There was good agreement between the tensions of CO2 in the respiratory plateaux and in mixed venous and arterial blood withdrawn during equilibrium. 4. During exercise, the tensions of CO2 of the plateaux and arterial blood at equilibrium also showed good agreement. 5. It is suggested that the new method represents an improvement over rebreathing methods as equilibrium is achieved rapidly before the mixed venous tension rises from recirculation.

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