A Study of in vivo Glycine Absorption by Fed and Fasted Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri)

1981 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 285-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. BOGÉ ◽  
A. RIGAL ◽  
G. PÉRES
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Mucosal Tissue ◽  
Perfusion Technique

The effects of 4 and 8 weeks fasting at 16 °C were studied in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. After 4 and 8 weeks, the wet weights of the intestine of fasted animals are respectively 64% and 69% lower than those of fed animals. These effects especially concern the mucosal tissue. Glycine absorption (0.5 and 10 mm) was studied using an in vivo perfusion technique. After 4 weeks, the absolute amounts of 0.5 mm glycine absorbed by fasted and fed fish are similar. With 10 mm glycine, the absorption is slightly lower in fasted trout (−19%). After 8 weeks these differences are more marked, with glycine concentrations of 10 mm (−42%). Results expressed per 100 g body weight showed that these differences result partly from a weight gain of fed trout. Absorption expressed in terms of weight of dry intestine is higher in 4 and 8 weeks fasted animals, principally for the lower amino acid concentration (+61% and +111%). Larger differences were apparent when the absorptions were expressed in terms of dry weight of mucosal tissue (+122% and +225%).

scholarly journals In VivoEffects of Leptin-Related Synthetic Peptides on Body Weight and Food Intake in Female ob/obMice: Localization of Leptin Activity to Domains Between Amino Acid Residues 106–140*

Endocrinology ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 138 (4) ◽  
pp. 1413-1418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Grasso ◽  
Matthew C. Leinung ◽  
Stacy P. Ingher ◽  
Daniel W. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Stop Codon ◽  
Premature Stop Codon ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Inactive Form ◽  
In Vivo Effects

Abstract In C57BL/6J ob/ob mice, a single base mutation of the ob gene in codon 105 results in the replacement of arginine by a premature stop codon and production of a truncated inactive form of leptin. These observations suggest that leptin activity may be localized, at least in part, to domains distal to amino acid residue 104. To investigate this possibility, we synthesized six overlapping peptide amides corresponding to residues 106–167 of leptin, and examined their effects on body weight and food intake in female C57BL/6J ob/ob mice. When compared with vehicle-injected control mice, weight gain by mice receiving 28 daily 1-mg ip injections of LEP-(106–120), LEP-(116–130), or LEP-(126–140) was significantly (P < 0.01) reduced with no apparent toxicity. Weight gain by mice receiving LEP-(136–150), LEP-(146–160), or LEP-(156–167) was not significantly different from that of vehicle-injected control mice. The effects of LEP-(106–120), LEP-(116–130), or LEP-(126–140) were most pronounced during the first week of peptide treatment. Within 7 days, mice receiving these peptides lost 12.3%, 13.8%, and 9.8%, respectively, of their initial body weights. After 28 days, mice given vehicle alone, LEP-(136–150), LEP-(146–160), or LEP-(156–167) were 14.7%, 20.3%, 25.0%, and 24.8% heavier, respectively, than they were at the beginning of the study. Mice given LEP-(106–120) or LEP-(126–140) were only 1.8% and 4.2% heavier, respectively, whereas mice given LEP-(116–130) were 3.4% lighter. Food intake by mice receiving LEP-(106–120), LEP-(116–130), or LEP-(126–140), but not by mice receiving LEP-(136–150), LEP-(146–160), or LEP-(156–167), was reduced by 15%. The results of this study indicate 1) that leptin activity is localized, at least in part, in domains between residues 106–140; 2) that leptin-related peptides have in vivo effects similar to those of native leptin; and 3) offer hope for development of peptide analogs of leptin having potential application in human or veterinary medicine.

Acute effects of prolactin on passive calcium absorption in the small intestine by in vivo perfusion technique

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nateetip Krishnamra ◽  
Yinglak Wirunrattanakij ◽  
Liangchai Limlomwongse
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Calcium Absorption ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Calcium ◽  
Calcium Flux ◽  
Proximal Jejunum ◽  
Perfusion Technique ◽  
Calcium Fluxes

The acute effect of intraperitoneally administered prolactin (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/kg body weight) on passive calcium transport in duodenum, proximal jejunum, and ileum of sexually mature female Wistar rats was investigated by using an in vivo perfusion technique. Test solution containing (in mM) NaCl, 100; KCl, 4.7; MgSO4, 1.2; CaCl2, 20; D-glucose, 11; sodium ferrocyanide (Na4Fe(CN)6), an index of net water transport, 20; and 0.7 µCi 45CaCl2 (1 Ci = 37 GBq) was perfused through the 10-cm intestinal loop for 60 min. Results showed that 0.4 mg prolactin/kg body weight significantly increased duodenal net Ca absorption (net Ca) from 23.81 ± 1.84 to 30.56 ± 1.57 mmol/g dry weight (p < 0.05) by stimulating the lumen to plasma calcium flux (CaL-P). The jejunum responded to 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg prolactin/kg body weight by reversing from net Ca absorption of 18.60 ± 1.70 mmol/g dry weight to net secretion of -3.30 ± 1.56, -10.39 ± 2.21, and -11.79 ± 2.04 mmol/g dry weight (p < 0.01), respectively, as a result of a dose-dependent increase in plasma to lumen calcium flux (CaP-L). Calcium fluxes in the ileum on the other hand did not respond to prolactin. There was a close correlation between net water flux and net calcium flux in all three intestinal segments under basal condition regardless of the luminal sodium concentration. However, this correlation was lost after prolactin administration, which while having no effect on net water flux, altered the duodenal and jejunal calcium fluxes. By varying the luminal concentration of sodium, it was found that the stimulatory effect of 0.4 mg prolactin/kg body weight on the duodenal CaL-P was reduced when compared with control, i.e., 17.84 ± 0.91 vs. 26.64 ± 1.05 mmol/g dry weight at a sodium concentration of 180 mM, and 14.48 ± 0.99 vs. 20.12 ± 1.34 mmol/g dry weight at a sodium concentration of 140 mM. At a sodium concentration of 80 mM, the prolactin effect was absent. Since duodenal Na+-K+ ATPase activity was increased by prolactin from 3.77 ± 0.16 to 4.95 ± 0.30 µmol Pi ·mg-1 protein ·h-1 (p < 0.05), sodium dependency of the prolactin-enhanced lumen to plasma calcium flux may be related to both sodium-induced water flow and calcium-sodium exchange across the basolateral membrane. Thus, it was postulated that under basal condition, net calcium transport in the small intestine occurred with the sodium-induced water transport along the paracellular pathway. However, after prolactin administration, this association was lost. Prolactin-enhanced lumen to plasma calcium flux in the duodenum was sodium dependent and involved the Na+-K+ ATPase activity. In the proximal jejunum, prolactin stimulated plasma to lumen calcium flux, but the mechanism was not known.Key words: calcium absorption, calcium fluxes, Na-K ATPase, perfusion technique, prolactin.

scholarly journals Response of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) to increased levels of available carbohydrate in practical trout diets

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 597-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Hilton ◽  
J. L. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrate ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Percentage Conversion ◽  
Different Levels

1. The physiological response of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) reared on different levels of available carbohydrate in practical trout diets having the same levels of energy and nitrogen for 16–24 weeks was determined.2. Weight gain was significantly reduced in trout reared on the highest level of available carbohydrate, 210 g cerelose (α-glucose)/kg, and there was a significant linear regression (R2 0.88) of dietary carbohydrate on weight gain.3. Liver: body-weight values and liver glycogen levels increased in relation to increased dietary carbohydrate.4. Liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) activity increased and liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (EC 4.1.1.32) activity decreased per kg body-weight of fish with increasing dietary carbohydrate. However, no significant effect was noted on the activity of these liver enzymes above a dietary cerelose level of 140 g/kg.5. Liver fructose diphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.11) activity increased with increasing dietary carbohydrate has been interpreted as meaning a recycling of triosephosphate to glucose-6-phosphate.6. Dietary carbohydrate level had no significant effect on the liver pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) activity, the rate of glucose utilization or the percentage conversion of [14C]alanine to glucose in the plasma of trout.7. The results indicate that rainbow trout have a limited ability to adapt to increased dietary carbohydrate and a level in excess of 140 g/kg of the diet is not efficiently utilized.

Digestive Response of Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri, to Pellet Diets

1969 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 1801-1812 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Windell ◽  
David O. Norris ◽  
James F. Kitchell ◽  
James S. Norris
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Methyl Cellulose ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Gastric Evacuation ◽  
Gastric Contents

Quantitative data are presented for three laboratory experiments concerning rate of gastric evacuation of pellets (fed in gelatin capsules) and pellet components. Rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, acclimated to a constant water temperature of 15 C were killed 12 hr after consuming an experimental meal. Subtraction of amount of dry matter remaining at autopsy from dry matter consumed yielded amount of food digested or evacuated or both, from the stomach per unit time.Meals of encapsulated pellet were evacuated from the stomach more rapidly (65.8% decrease in 12 hr) than encapsulated corn oil (42.6%), gelatin (50.8%), a combination of corn oil and gelatin (47.3%), saturated fat (28.8%), or methyl cellulose (50.3%).Groups of fish consuming five capsules equal to approximately 0.65 % of their body weight evacuated 35.9, 45.1, 64.2, 95.5, and 100% at intervals after killing from 6 to 36 hr, respectively. Similar groups consuming seven capsules equal to approximately 1.0% of their body weight evacuated 23.7, 57.9, 70.5, and 86.6% at intervals after killing from 4 to 20 hr, respectively.Ten groups of trout consuming amounts of dry matter equal to 0.24, 0.40, 0.74, 1.11, 1.31, 1.19, 1.59, 1.56, 1.91, and 2.26% of their body weight evacuated 90.7, 81.3, 64.2, 57.9, 56.6, 52.5, 53.4, 51.3, 58.7, and 50.0% in 12 hr, respectively. Gastric motility remains relatively constant once food has entered the stomach. However, when larger meals are fed a greater quantity is evacuated per unit time. This could only be accomplished by changes in volume of gastric contents pumped per peristaltic stroke or number of strokes per unit time.

Effect of Cycloheximide on In Vitro and In Vivo Protein Synthesis by Certain Tissues of Rats and Pigeons with Special Reference to Muscle

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 933-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Njanoor Narayanan ◽  
Jacob Eapen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Incorporation ◽  
Contrast Administration ◽  
Acid Incorporation ◽  
Tissue Homogenates

The effect of cycloheximide in vitro and in vivo on the incorporation of labelled amino acids into protein by muscles, liver, kidneys, and brain of rats and pigeons was studied. In vitro incorporation of amino acids into protein by muscle microsomes, myofibrils, and myofibrillar ribosomes was not affected by cycloheximide. In contrast, administration of the antibiotic into intact animals at a concentration of 1 mg/kg body weight resulted in considerable inhibition of amino acid incorporation into protein by muscles, liver, kidneys, and brain. This inhibition was observed in all the subcellular fractions of these tissues during a period of 10–40 min after the administration of the precursor. Tissue homogenates derived from in vivo cycloheximide-treated animals did not show significant alteration in in vitro amino acid incorporation with the exception of brain, which showed a small but significant enhancement.

Effects of epinephrine on branchial non-electrolyte permeability in rainbow trout

1978 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Isaia ◽  
J. Maetz ◽  
G. P. Haywood
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Beta Blocker ◽  
Transport Mechanism ◽  
Constant Pressure ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Permeability Coefficients ◽  
Lipophilic Substance ◽  
Hydrophilic Solutes ◽  
Bulk Transport

Using isolated heads perfused at constant pressure, at rates close to those occurring in vivo, the permeability of the gills of the trout Salmo gairdneri to a range of solutes was measured. Under epinephrine-free conditions, butanol and water showed similar high branchial permeability coefficients. Urea, inulin and dextrans (mol. wt 3000 and 20 000) were 7–12 times less permeant, and mannitol 60-70 times less permeant than water or butanol. Epinephrine, at 10(−6) M, greatly increased the permeability of the gills to the small hydrophilic molecules, water and urea, and to the lipophilic substance, butanol, but did not affect the penetration of the large hydrophilic solutes, mannitol, inulin and dextrans. In the presence of 10(−6) M propanolol, a beta-blocker, epinephrine had no effect on the permeation of any of the test substances except that the permeability to urea decreased somewhat. The results suggest that epinephrine increases the permeability of the membranes of the branchial cells but does not affect the permeation of substances that cross the gill walls by paracellular routes or via an intracellular ‘bulk-transport’ mechanism. Such an action would be expected to increase the branchial transfer of oxygen.

scholarly journals Inactivation of tyrosine aminotransferase in neutral homogenates and rat liver slices

1972 ◽  
Vol 129 (5) ◽  
pp. 1131-1138 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Auricchio ◽  
L. Mollica ◽  
A. Liguori
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Tyrosine Aminotransferase ◽  
Amino Acid Concentration ◽  
Acidic Ph ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Neutral Ph ◽  
Liver Slices

Inactivation of tyrosine aminotransferase induced in vivo by triamcinolone was studied in a homogenate incubated at neutral pH values. The integrity and the presence of subcellular particles together with a compartment of acidic pH are necessary for inactivation of tyrosine aminotransferase. It is suggested that tyrosine aminotransferase is inactivated inside lysosomes. The system responsible for inactivation of tyrosine aminotransferase was partially purified and identified with lysosomal cathepsins B and B1. Inactivation of tyrosine aminotransferase in liver slices is controlled by the amino acid concentration and strongly stimulated by cysteine. 3,3′,5-Tri-iodo-l-thyronine reversibly and strongly decreases the rate of inactivation of tyrosine aminotransferase. The effect is not due to an increased rate of tyrosine aminotransferase synthesis.

Amino acid modulation of in vivo intestinal zinc absorption in freshwater rainbow trout

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris N. Glover ◽  
Christer Hogstrand
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Zinc Ion ◽  
Zinc Uptake ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Zinc Absorption ◽  
Zinc Accumulation ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss

SUMMARY The composition of the intestinal lumen is likely to have considerable influence upon the absorption, and consequently the nutrition and/or toxicity, of ingested zinc in aquatic environments, where zinc is both a nutrient and a toxicant of importance. The effects of amino acids upon intestinal zinc uptake in freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were studied using an in vivo perfusion technique. The presence of histidine, cysteine and taurine had distinct modifying actions upon quantitative and qualitative zinc absorption, compared to perfusion of zinc alone. Alterations in zinc transport were not correlated with changes in levels of free zinc ion. The chemical nature of the zinc–amino acid chelate, rather than the chelation itself, appeared to have the most important influence upon zinc absorption. l-histidine, despite a strong zinc-chelating effect, maintained quantitative zinc uptake at control (zinc alone) levels. This effect correlated with the formation of Zn(His)2 species. d-histidine at a luminal concentration of 100 mmol l–1 significantly enhanced subepithelial zinc accumulation, but reduced the fraction of zinc that was retained and absorbed by the fish. The possibility of a Zn(His)2-mediated pathway for intestinal uptake is discussed. l-cysteine specifically stimulated the accumulation of zinc post-intestinally, an effect attributed to enhanced zinc accumulation in the blood. Taurine increased subepithelial zinc accumulation, but decreased the passage of zinc to post-intestinal compartments. Amino acids are proposed to have important roles in modifying intestinal zinc uptake with potential implications for environmental toxicity as well as aquaculture.

Diet and growth of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, in two streams on the New England Tableland, New South Wales

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 967 ◽  
Author(s):  
RWJ Pidgeon
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
New England ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Fish Size ◽  
South Wales

The diets and growth rates of rainbow trout in the Wollomombi and Guy Fawkes Rivers in northern New South Wales were examined. The growth rate of trout in the Wollomombi River was much higher than that of fish in the Guy Fawkes River. Spearman rank correlation coefficients indicated that stream type was more important than fish size in determining the composition of the diet of the trout. Benthic invertebrates formed the largest component of the diet in both streams: 66.0 and 63.0% of ash-free dry weight (AFDW) in the Wollomombi River and the Guy Fawkes River, respectively. Trout in the Wollomombi River consumed more nektonic prey (33.3% of AFDW) than fish in the Guy Fawkes River (3.7% of AFDW). In contrast, surface food (aquatic imagines and terrestrial insects) made up a much higher proportion of the diet of trout in the Guy Fawkes River (33.9% of AFDW) than in the Wollomombi River (0.6% of AFDW). Crayfish were a major component of the diet (in terms of AFDW) in both streams, their proportions increasing with fish size. The significance of crayfish in relation to fish growth is discussed.

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