mucosal tissue
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BMC Cancer ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Junya Yoneda ◽  
Sachiko Nishikawa ◽  
Shigekazu Kurihara

Abstract Background Chemotherapy is frequently used in cancer treatment; however, it may cause adverse events, which must be managed. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been reported to be involved in the induction of intestinal mucositis and diarrhea, which are common side effects of treatment with fluoropyrimidine 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Our previous studies have shown that oral administration of cystine and theanine (CT) increases glutathione (GSH) production in vivo. In the present study, we hypothesized that CT might inhibit oxidative stress, including the overproduction of ROS, and attenuate 5-FU-induced mucositis and diarrhea. Methods We investigated the inhibitory effect of CT administration on mucositis and diarrhea, as well as its mechanism, using a mouse model of 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis. Results CT administration suppressed 5-FU-induced diarrhea and weight loss in the studied mice. After 5-FU administration, the GSH level and the GSH/GSSG ratio in the small intestine mucosal tissue decreased compared to normal control group; but CT administration improved the GSH/GSSG ratio to normal control levels. 5-FU induced ROS production in the basal region of the crypt of the small intestine mucosal tissue, which was inhibited by CT. CT did not affect the antitumor effect of 5-FU. Conclusions CT administration suppressed intestinal mucositis and diarrhea in a mouse model. This finding might be associated with the antioxidant characteristics of CT, including the improved rate of GSH redox and the reduced rate of ROS production in the small intestine mucosal tissue. CT might be a suitable candidate for the treatment of gastrointestinal mucositis associated with chemotherapy.


Author(s):  
Brandon J. Beddingfield ◽  
Nicholas J. Maness ◽  
Alyssa C. Fears ◽  
Jay Rappaport ◽  
Pyone Pyone Aye ◽  
...  

SARS-CoV-2 is a respiratory borne pathogenic beta coronavirus that is the source of a worldwide pandemic and the cause of multiple pathologies in man. The rhesus macaque model of COVID-19 was utilized to test the added benefit of combinatory parenteral administration of two high-affinity anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs; C144-LS and C135-LS) expressly developed to neutralize the virus and modified to extend their pharmacokinetics. After completion of kinetics study of mAbs in the primate, combination treatment was administered prophylactically to mucosal viral challenge. Results showed near complete virus neutralization evidenced by no measurable titer in mucosal tissue swabs, muting of cytokine/chemokine response, and lack of any discernable pathologic sequalae. Blocking infection was a dose-related effect, cohorts receiving lower doses (6, 2 mg/kg) resulted in low grade viral infection in various mucosal sites compared to that of a fully protective dose (20 mg/kg). A subset of animals within this cohort whose infectious challenge was delayed 75 days later after mAb administration were still protected from disease. Results indicate this combination mAb effectively blocks development of COVID-19 in the rhesus disease model and accelerates the prospect of clinical studies with this effective antibody combination.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1135
Author(s):  
Nityanand Jain ◽  
Mara Pilmane

Craniofacial development including palatogenesis is a complex process which requires an orchestrated and spatiotemporal expression of various genes and factors for proper embryogenesis and organogenesis. One such group of genes essential for craniofacial development is the homeobox genes, transcriptional factors that are commonly associated with congenital abnormalities. Amongst these genes, DLX4, HOXB3, and MSX2 have been recently shown to be involved in the etiology of non-syndromic cleft lip and palate. Hence, we investigated the gene and protein expression of these genes in normal and cleft affected mucosal tissue obtained from 22 children, along with analyzing their role in promoting local-site inflammation using NF-κB. Additionally, we investigated the role of PTX3, which plays a critical role in tissue remodeling and wound repair. We found a residual gene and protein expression of DLX4 in cleft mucosa, although no differences in gene expression levels of HOXB3 and MSX2 were noted. However, a significant increase in protein expression for these genes was noted in the cleft mucosa (p < 0.05), indicating increased cellular proliferation. This was coupled with a significant increase in NF-κB protein expression in cleft mucosa (p < 0.05), highlighting the role of these genes in promotion of pro-inflammatory environment. Finally, no differences in gene expression of PTX3 were noted.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Sepehrnia

Approximately 80% of the pathogens that lead to deadly infections in humans choose mucosal tissue as the first site of infection. The mucosal surfaces of the body include the gastrointestinal tract, airways, oral cavity, and urogenital mucosa, which provide a large area conducive to the invasion and accumulation of many microorganisms and are of great importance in this regard. The large extent of mucus, as well as the accumulation of bacteria and countless foreign antigens in these areas, are the most important reasons for the importance of mucosal tissues. In addition to the myriad of symbiotic bacteria, large amounts of oral antigens (both pathogenic and non-pathogenic) enter a person’s body daily and human mucosal tissues are exposed to these antigens. The function of the mucosal immune system is to distinguish pathogenic antigens from non-pathogenic ones. In this way, against a large number of oral antigens or co-tolerant microorganisms, and pathogenic antigens, a favorable (and even non-inflammatory, possible) immune response is produced. Mucosal tissue, as the largest lymphatic organ in the body, is home to 75% of the lymphocyte population and produces the highest amount of immunoglobulin. The amount of secreted IgA (slgA) produced daily by mucosal surfaces is much higher than the IgG produced in the bloodstream. A 70 kg person produces more than 3 grams of IgA per day, which is about 70–60% of the total antibodies produced in the body. The first embryonic organ in which immune system cells are located in the intestine. Some researchers consider this organ (and specifically mucosal lymph nodes) to be the source of the human immune system.


2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_6) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Ainine

Abstract A 70-year-old man received a few courses of various antibiotics for left dacrocystitis under the care of ophthalmologists. Despite the treatment, the lump was not improving. The patient, in the meantime, presented to his GP with recurrent left-sided epistaxis and it became apparent that he was also experiencing ipsilateral nasal blockage. He reported a 3-year history of left-sided tinnitus but no other red flag symptoms. He was subsequently referred as 2-Week-Wait to ENT and nasoendoscopy revealed complete blockage of the left nostril with the postnasal space fully obstructed by enlarged mucosal tissue and no palpable lymph nodes. CT showed an aggressive locally invasive sinonasal tumour and a necrotic posterior mediastinal lesion. MRI further defined the extent of invasion and revealed a significant level 2 lymph node. A gastroscopy and EUA nose were arranged to obtain histology to confirm the differential diagnosis of sinonasal SCC. This case highlights the importance of lateral thinking when presented with a refractory symptom, as a more sinister diagnosis can be detected earlier. It also reinforces the need for examination of surrounding anatomy that may influence the condition.


2021 ◽  
pp. 100421
Author(s):  
Tsuguhisa Nakayama ◽  
Ivan T. Lee ◽  
Sizun Jiang ◽  
Matthias S. Matter ◽  
Carol H. Yan ◽  
...  
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